BIOLOGY REVIEW FOR TAKS TAKS Objective 2 & 3 Review of Taxonomy, Classification, Organization, cell parts and functions and Ecology and Genetics

Biology Review Objective 2 - The student will demonstrate an understanding of the organization of living systems. Objective 3 - Demonstrate an understanding of the interdependence of organisms and the environment.

Take the 5 question quiz that follows If you get a question wrong, follow the directions to the section of slides that reviews that information. If you get it correct, you move to the next question. At the end of each section there are 3 more questions to check that you have understood the review.

According to the information above, what is the complementary strand of this section of a DNA molecule? A GTC B ATG C CAG D CGT Answer: C Review begins at slide #34

The diagram shows one of the processes that occurs in vertebrates. According to this information, which two body systems work together during this process? A Skeletal and respiratory systems B Circulatory and excretory systems C Respiratory and circulatory systems D Skeletal and excretory systems Answer: C Review begins at slide # 9

The relationship between a desert bat and a giant saguaro cactus is considered mutualistic because the cactus provides food for the bat and because — A the cactus needles protect the bat from predators B the bat transfers pollen between cactus flowers C the cactus’s flowers attract bugs to the bat D the bat prevents moisture from reaching the plant Answer: B Review begins at slide # 46

According to this phylogenetic tree, which organism is most closely related to Organism V? A Q B U C W D X Answer: C Review begins at slide # 49

The diagram above shows relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. What would be the most likely result if the number of shrews in the ecosystem were reduced? A The grasshopper population would decrease. B The cattail population would increase. C Snakes would eat more grasshoppers. D Hawks would eat more snakes. Answer: D Review begins at slide #46

Living things are... Organized into cells. Grow and develop. Respond to the environment. Use energy Reproduce

Biological Organization begins with cells... Cells which work together form tissues Tissues layer to form organs

And..... Organs that work together form an ORGAN SYSTEM Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis for the organism

Homeostasis This means the maintenance of the normal operating conditions of an organism. Control of body temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, urine output, digestive absorption, metabolism rate, growth rate and hormone levels all need to be maintained.

Structural System - 1 Bones are to Support & structure Make blood cells Allow movement Provide muscle attachments Ligaments hold joints together

Structural System – 2 3 types of muscles Smooth, involuntary Striated, voluntary Cardiac, heart muscle somewhat like both above Allow for movement and are attached by tendons above and below joints Ligaments hold bones to bones and stabilize joints

Nervous System - 1 Consists of brain and spinal chord Somatic, you control and choose Autonomic, allows parts to keep functioning without you knowing Nerve cells send and receive information..

Nervous System - 2 Nerve cells have 3 parts Axon – Sends signal Cell Body – controls cell functions Dendrite – Receives signal from another Synapse – space between cells Neurotransmitters cross the synapse to carry messages

Endocrine System Chemical messages sent through the blood Slow change and response compared to nervous system Long term maintenance or scheduling in the organism such as mating patterns Chemicals, hormones and enzymes are released from glands as chemical messages

Digestive System – 1 This is how we intake all the vitamins, minerals, protein, lipids, carbohydrates and water we need. Mechanical Digestion begins in the mouth, it is grinding and breaking food up

Digestive System – 2 Saliva has enzymes that begin digestion of carbohydrates The mouth connects to the esophagus, then to the stomach, which churns the food with acid to help break it up The stomach dumps into the small intestine where 90% of digestion takes place. Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver and gall bladder break down the food into useable parts.

Digestive System – 3 Absorption of the amino acids to make proteins, glycol and fatty acids to make lipids occur in the small intestine Water is reabsorbed in the large intestine which stores solid waste

Respiratory System - 1 Nose Sinus Mouth Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lungs Bronchi

Respiratory System - 2 The diaphragm contracts, expanding the chest to fill the lungs with air, rich in O 2. Lungs are full of little sacs called alveoli, which have lots of blood vessels with high levels of CO 2. Oxygen diffuses in, carbon dioxide diffuses out, and the diaphragm relaxes causing you to exhale. Air is filtered, warmed and moistened in the nose, mouth and pharynx.

Excretory System This system is responsible for cleaning the blood and getting rid of liquid wastes. The kidneys, located near the lower back, are the primary filters, taking out excess water and wastes. Ureter tubes connect the kidneys to the bladder, which stores urine until it is passed out through the urethra.

Circulatory System - 1 This system helps to connect many other systems as it provides the transport of substances from one organ to another. Every cell must touch a blood vessel to take in what it needs and get rid of waste. Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry it back to the heart. The heart pumps the blood

Circulatory System - 2 The top parts of the heart receive blood – Atrium The bottom two are very muscular and pump the blood – Ventricles Two contractions, right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps to the body and brain.

Immune System - 1 Your immune system protects you from infections and illness Your first line of defense is mucus, hair, and skin It protects you in a general way nonspecific

Immune System - 2 Two main types of immunity Natural – you got sick, and now your body recognizes it. This is permanent. Acquired–vaccination or immunization shot this is temporary

Let’s Review: All organ systems work together to maintain HOMEOSTASIS, or the normal conditions for the organism. The main transport system is the circulatory system with the heart as its pump. The main control and monitoring system is the nervous system, with the brain and senses monitoring all systems and incoming information.

Eukaryotic Cells This is a typical animal cell with its organelles labeled.

Cell PartFunction Cell membraneControls what enters and leaves the cell Nuclear membraneControls what enters and leaves the nucleus NucleusControl center of the cell ChromosomesGenetic information in the nucleus Endoplasmic ReticulumTransport system in cell RibosomeOrganelle makes proteins Golgi BodyOrganelle packages proteins VacuoleStores water and/or waste LysosomeBreaks down old cell parts MitochondriaOrganelle for cellular respiration – provides energy

Plant Cells have, Animal Cells don’t Chloroplasts – organelle responsible for photosynthesis Cell Walls – a structure outside of the membrane to provide support Very large vacuoles to store extra water

This is a typical plant cell It contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, a very large vacuole. Why do plants need large vacuoles? ANSWER: This is where food and water are stored.

Cell Reproduction The Cell Cycle is the life cycle of a cell. It has two parts. Mitosis is the process of cell division and Interphase is the process of growing and functioning. During mitosis the chromosomes are separated into two new identical sister cells.

Genetic Code All of the information to make a new organism is contained in the chromosomes of the cell. Chromosomes are made of tightly coiled DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Chromosomes contain genes each of which codes for a single protein. There are hundreds to thousands of genes on each chromosome.

DNA DNA is composed of nucleotides, each has 3 parts. A sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen base make up a nucleotide. There are 4 different nitrogen bases in DNA, Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. They always pair to form the rungs of the ladder. The process of copying DNA is called Replication

The Stuff of Life The structure of DNA is called a double helix, or twisted ladder The base Guanine always pairs to Cytosine. Adenine pairs to Thymine. Mutations are caused when these pairings are not made.

 DNA is so important, it doesn’t leave the nucleus. So RNA acts as a note taker and messenger by carrying the instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome where the proteins are made.  RNA has no Thymine, it has Uracil as its 4 th base.  When its time to make a new cell part....

Transcription... Transcription is when messenger RNA reads the DNA in the nucleus and then leaves the nucleus to take the information to the ribosome. The DNA then wraps back up until next time.

Translation... Code into words mRNA takes the code from the nucleus to the Ribosome where it pairs with tRNA to put Amino Acids into chains called proteins. mRNA (codon) pairs to tRNA (anticodon) in the ribosomes This protein building is called TRANSLATION.

Transcription and Translation

Genetics – How traits are inherited Father of Genetics is Gregor Mendel, he experimented with pea plants. Dominant traits always are visible, and are represented by capital letters. Recessive traits only show up when both alleles are the recessive one (Homozygous) At least one pair of alleles determines the trait in genetic inheritance.

Punnett Squares D D d Dd Dd d d D Dd Dd d dd dd D d D DD Dd d Dd dd D d D DD Dd Homozygous recessive x Heterozygous Heterozygous x Heterozygous Homozygous dominant x Heterozygous Homozygous dominant x Homozygous recessive

Phenotype is what you see Phenotype refers to what is visible – the dominant trait or the recessive trait. How do you know the phenotype? LOOK!!

Genotype – actual combination of alleles Only 3 possibilities BB = Homozygous Dominant Bb = Heterozygous bb = Homozygous recessive Must look at inheritance pattern to find out.

Pedigree shows the Family Tree

Ecology – The study of the relationships among living things Symbiosis is a close relationship between two living things. When both are helped it is called mutualism When one is helped and there is no effect on the other it is called commensulism When one is helped and the other is harmed it is called parasitism All energy on the earth comes from the sun.

10% Rule: Only 10% of the energy moves to the next level Decomposers

Food Chains – One of many feeding relationships in a community Arrows in a food chain show the direction of energy flow. This is not the only feeding relationship for these organisms. When several or all of the food relationships are shown it’s a FOOD WEB.

Taxonomy

Binomial Classification Living things are given a two-part scientific name. The first part is the Genus which is capitalized, and the second part is the species which is never capitalized. Scientific names are used because the same plant or animal in different places may have different common names. Only those in the same genus can viably breed. Your scientific name is Homo sapien

Kingdoms – Largest groupings of living things Animalia Plantae Fungi ProtistaEubacteriaArchaebacteri a

Animal Kingdom Multicellular heterotrophic This kingdom includes all vertebrates (one major phylum) and invertebrates (several phyla) Insects, jellyfish, people are all animals

Kingdom Plantae Multicellular and autotrophic Means that all plants perform photosynthesis This kingdom includes mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants (grasses, fruit trees, shrubs, most garden plants, most crops, wildflowers)

Kingdom Fungi Multicellular and some single-cells Most of these organisms are decomposers Includes mushrooms, yeasts and infections like athelete’s foot

Kingdoms of Single Cells Kingdom Protista : largest source of food and oxygen for the entire planet. Includes plankton, amoeba, and ciliates. Described as Unicellular Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic Kingdoms Kingdom Eubacteria : normal bacteria found everywhere. Some are helpful(are important decomposers) and some cause illness. Described as Unicellular Prokaryotes Kingdom Archeobacteria : bacteria found in extreme environs such as ocean floor volcanos, hot water geyser vents, or salty or low oxygen places. Described as Unicellular Prokaryotes from extreme environments.