Energy and the Environment: A Global perspective Reza Toossi, CSULB 1Copyrights (c) 2008

Issues and Concerns Big questions How much longer petroleum will last? What are geopolitical, economical and the environmental impacts? Concerns Useful energy is being more scarce. Population increases at an exponential rate. Industrializations demands more and more energy. Environmental problems becomes more severe with increases in energy consumption. Limited resources can impact social, cultural, and economical aspects of our lives. Where are we going from here? 2

Over consumption The Problem 3

Energy 4

Sources Nonrenewable Fossil Fuel (Coal, Oil, Gas) Nuclear (Fission, Fusion) Geothermal Renewable Solar (Thermal, Photovoltaic) Wind Waves, Tides, Hydroelectric Biomass 5

Why Petroleum? Oil delivers more than 15 times the energy of an equal mass of dynamite, 700 times that of a bullet, and 100 times energy of laptop batteries One gallon of oil does as much work as 20 workers work 10 hours a day for an entire year It is the main ingredient for a variety of consumers products, including pharmaceutical, cosmetics, clothing, pesticides, lubricant, solvents, and …. It is CHEAP!!!!

Petroleum Balance Sheet (2005) Who has it?Who uses it? Saudi Arabia26%U.S.25% Iraq10%Japan8% Kuwait10%China5% Abu Dhabi9%Russia4% Iran9%Germany4% Venezuela6%S. Korea3% Russia5%Italy3% Mexico5%France3% U.S.3%England3% All Others17%All Others42% 7

Petroleum Balance Sheet (2007) Who has it?Who uses it? Saudi Arabia26%U.S.25% Iran12%China8.7% Iran10%Japan6% Kuwait9%Russia4% UAE9% Germany3% Venezuela7%India3% Russia5%Canada3% Libya3%Brazil3% Nigeria3%S. Korea3% All Others17%All Others42% 8

The Middle East 9

Politics of Energy Globalization Monopolies and Cartels Nuclear issues Control of resources Gulf War I (Desert Shield) WI, WWII Gulf War II (Operation Iraqi Freedom) or Operation Iraqi Liberation 10

Politics of Oil Copyrights (c)

Why to be involved? 12

US Reserves 1.Texas 2.Alaska 3.California 4.Louisiana 5.New Mexico

US Oil Production 14

World Oil Production 15

Environment 16

Population 17

Growth Rate and Doubling Time 18 RegionPopulationGrowthDoubling Time Projected in 2050 World 6.14 Billion Billion Africa 818 Million Billion Asia 3.72 Billion Billion N. America 316 Million Million S. America 525 Million Million Europe 727 Million Million Oceania 31 Million Million

Sources Nonrenewable Fossil Fuel (Coal, Oil, Gas) Nuclear (Fission, Fusion) Geothermal Renewable Solar (Thermal, Photovoltaic) Wind Waves, Tides, Hydroelectric Biomass 19

The Greenhouse Effect 20

And if all that is not enough… 21

Ignoring it doesn’t make the problem go away 22

Environmental Consequences (Fossil Fuels) Global warming Ozone depletion Acid rain Poisons 23

Major Air Pollutants 24

Carbon Footprint 25 Average American household produces 150 pounds of CO 2 a day We can easily reduce it by half. Pounds of Carbon Dioxide One Gallon of Gasoline cubic feet of natural gas12 One ton of coal One kWh of electricity1.5

Environmental Consequences (Nuclear) Nuclear Waste (NIMBY) Nuclear Accidents Nuclear War Terrorism 26

Environmental Consequences (Renewable) Solar Wind Wave, Hydropower Biomass Geothermal 27

Ozone Depletion One chlorine or bromine molecule can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules, causing ozone to disappear much faster than nature can replace it. 28

Acid Rain Only a few marine species can survive when pH is smaller than 5. Health effects include respiratory complications, reduced immunity to infection, reduced visibility, and corrosion. Regional conflicts (US, Canada, Europe) 29

Indoor Air Pollution Average person stays 90% of his time indoors Energy conservancy projects have exacerbated this problem Common sources of indoor air pollution are: Cigarette and tobacco smoke Paints, lead and other construction material Stoves, refrigerators and other appliances cleaners and chemicals Pesticides Soil Drinking Water 30

Future Transportations 31

Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cells 32

Sun and Wind 33

Summary Energy will remain the most critical issue affecting the globe in the 21 st century. Energy Efficiency Alternative Resources Jobs Environmental Impacts 34

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ENGR 302I: Energy and the Environment ENGR 302I is a hybrid course with 50% seat-time ENGR 302I is a hybrid course with 50% seat-time ENGR302I satisfies GE’s D2, B3, Global, and Capstone requirements ENGR302I satisfies GE’s D2, B3, Global, and Capstone requirements For more information, contact For more information, contact Reza Toossi, MAE Professor Tel: (562) or 36