Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 INO : Foundations, Technological challenges, Innovations and Spin-off INO (Nodal HEP centre) Dedicated Detector Research Lab Medical Imaging R&T Liaison with Universities Industry Society International Collaboration

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 Nodal HEP Centre Centre of excellence for HEP parallel to DESY(Germany), KEK (Japan), IHEP(China) Wide collaboration base National : universities, R&D centres, hospitals, industry International : HEP, NP, Astrophysics, Cosmology, Accelerators, Detector R&D, Medical diagnosis Multi-disciplinary and multi-functional approach Focus on ICAL/INO and Medical imaging to start with

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 INO vs Large Accelerator Centre Accelerator with larger energy INO at larger depthLarge detector systems Large collaboration Physics beyond standard model Physics beyond standard model Supports creative research in related areas (Should) support creative research in related areas

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 Dedicated detector research lab R&D on RPCs for ICAL/INO R&D for RPC and other detector systems for fine tracking with Application to PET, TOFPET etc. Application to future international collaborations Application to special needs of medical diagnosis Application to nuclear safety, contraband tracing R&D for photo-multiplier tubes, AVPs, Opto-electronic devices and future material for detector and medical applications

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 Medical imaging : research and training Requirements for medical imaging tracking detector with good position and time resolution high count rate capability fast data acquisition and processing fast data transmission and display Online control of parameters Training of manpower Running of large arrays of detectors (gaseous detectors, electronics, PMTs, HV, daq, software….) A possibility : degree in Applied Nuclear Techniques

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 Liaison with Universities, Industry and Society Human resource development for basic sciences and medical diagnosis Collaborative research in HEP and related fields Collaboration with industries for R&D in materials and processes, control systems Outreach to society : attract young talents

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 Contribution to large international projects Basis for contribution Connecting with Indian training and requirements Direct relevance to our own programme No new infrastructure generation Dedicated detector lab at INO Ready with technology and manpower Only financial resources for extra pieces

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 Technological challenges Detector 100,000 sq.m. of detector 200,000 sq.m. of glass (flatness, thickness uniformity…) 100,000 sq.m. of pickup strip area 4 million channels of readout electronics Recycling gas handling system Expensive R134a Safety issues Long term operation Engineering challenges : Glass RPC very fragile Handling pieces 2m X 2m area -beam Development of special beam lines

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 Strength of the Indian community Participation in large international collaborations Fermilab Tevatron : D0 CERN LEP : L3 CERN SPS : WA93/WA98 CERN LHC : ALICE, CMS BNL RHIC : STAR, PHENIX Large detector systems, with thousands of channels, made in India and installed in these experiments D0 Muon Veto PMD for WA93, WA98, STAR and ALICE Cathode pad chambers for Muon tracking in ALICE Hadron calorimeter in CMS Si-strips for CMS preshower

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 Strength of the Indian community Successful collaboration in accelerator projects with CERN LHC Long tradition of large area air shower experiments in India Strong nuclear physics community with several medium-large instrumentation projects (VECC, BARC/TIFR, NSC….)

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 CERN SPS Bundle of 1900 fibres for one readout camera Fiducial fibres Total no. of pads 7500 Area 4 sq.m. WA93 Total no. of pads Area 21 sq.m. WA98

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 STAR/RHIC (BNL) With cells, this is the largest Indian detector abroad Honeycomb Cellular Proportional counters

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 Muon Scintillators at D0/Fermilab TIFR scintillators installed in the D0 detector at Fermilab Scintillator with WLS fiber readout under fabrication at TIFR

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 Innovations Processes Materials Tools/techniques Examples WA98 PMD : simple splicing jig Solar light collector ALICE PMD : honeycomb design CMS preshower : silicon strips

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 Splicing jig for WLS+Clear fibres

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 Solar Light Collection Remote Photo-voltaic conversion with increased light flux and reduction of solar cell area. Remote natural illumination using RBG mixing technique Tracking of Sun not important Filtered heat radiation may be used separately RBG mixing and measurement Photonics-2000, vol. 2, p. 750

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 ALICE PMD : Honeycomb Design PMD in forward region : Detector design criteria Confine charged particle hits to single cell to restrict occupancy and improve photon-hadron discrimination; Reduce cross-talk : stop  -rays within a cell; Use neutron-insensitive gas mixture (Ar +CO 2 ) Copper honeycomb Closest to circular geometry Excellent packing Wall to stop  -electrons Cathode at high negative potential Anode wire at ground, connected to readout,. Cathode extension A small section PCB A unit cell An excellent example for R&D on a novel idea, starting from scratch

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 SILICON STRIP FROM BEL BARC SILICON STIP DEVELOPMENT FOR CMS SILICON STRIP FROM CEERI PILANI CEERI PILANI & BEL BANGALORE TECHNOLOGY AND FABRICATION PARTNERS KEY SPECIFICATION 32 STRIPS > 300V BREAK DOWN VOLTAGE < nA LEAKAGE CURRENT RAD HARD 6.3 CM BY 6.3 CM PROTOTYPING DONE PRODUCTION STARTED TO SUPPLY 1000 DETECTORS TO CERN Web://Cmsdoc.cern.ch/cms/ECAL/preshower Fully indigenous R&D

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 Spin-off : Experience from CERN Collaboration MANAS for ALICE Developed by SINP group, the first low noise signal processing ASIC in India, fabricated at SCL, Chandigarh. Now approved by ALICE Collaboration for use in Muon Arm and PMD 16 channel pre-amp, shaper, track-and-hold analogue multiplexed output A host of other ASICs by BARC (for CMS and local applications) fabricated at SCL Chandigarh. 4 to 16 channel pre-amp, shaper, multi-function output INDIPLEX for PMD (similar to MANAS but much higher dynamic range) The technology is now at hand for exploitation

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 RPCs in medical imaging TOFPET : better position resolution than PET Crystal+PMT replaced by RPC+Readout ASIC Huge reduction in cost Whole body scan : very wide FOV Cheap multi-layer RPCs Fast electronics and data processing

Y P Viyogi, 1/5/05 Summary Indian HEP/NP community quite experienced in large detector fabrication/running, ASIC design and FPGA programming. INO will serve the country as nodal centre attracting international collaboration With solid foundation and good management, we are sure to reap technological benefits and spin-off in electronics and medical sectors.