E. B. Tylor (1871) gave us the most famous definition: What is this thing called culture, anyway? The author of your text offers these definitions: The Nature of Culture “A society’s shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions—which are used to make sense of experience and generate behavior and which are reflected in behavior.” (Haviland, 2005). “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society" (Tylor 1871). “The values, beliefs, and perceptions of the world shared by members of a society, that they use to interpret experience and generate behavior, and that are reflected in their behavior” (Haviland, 2003).

Traditionally, a word of many uses…”high”culture, “low” culture, agriculture, cultivate, cult…”way of life” However, a more modern source, the American Heritage English Dictionary, gives a primary definition of culture which is substantially different than earlier primary definitions: " The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought." The Nature of Culture

Biological basis - computational theory of mind Mind is largely a function of brain with special areas associated with special functions These areas evolved over millennia of adaptation as food foragers. Steven Pinker; John Tooby i.e. Wernike’s and Broca’s areas. “Mental templates” formed on a palimpsest, not a tabula rasa. The Nature of Culture

Word of many uses… “high” culture, “low” culture, agriculture, cultivate, cult… “way of life” CULTURE/ culture CULTURE - way of life of human beings - ethnology culture - way of life of a specific group of human beings - ethnography MAINLY learned The Nature of Culture

Socialization - the processes involved in acquisition of ability to function as a member of society…does not involve symboling. Enculturation - the processes involved in acquisition of culture…requires symboling. Ethnocentrism - a central feature of enculturation. The Nature of Culture

MAINLY learned Before birth….beginning of socialization. Shortly after birth begins process of differentiation. Within three weeks recognizes significant others. By six months beginning symbolic learning/language sounds. Beginning of enculturation………. The Nature of Culture

Early Development: Prenatal period Fetal Phase The fetal phase of prenatal development lasts from nine weeks after fertilization to birth. During this period each of the organ systems continues to grow and mature, and the overall size of the fetus increases dramatically. The proportions change; as the arms and legs grow, the head no longer seems so much out of proportion to the rest of the body. During the first weeks of the fetal phase the sex organs begin to take shape. The Nature of Culture

Neonatal period (Neonate or newborn) The period of life immediately after birth The average North American newborn weighs about 7 pounds and measures about 20 inches Neurons grow rapidly….dendrites show an estimated 500% increase in density within the cortex from birth until age 2 in normal children. Early Development: The Nature of Culture

Moro (Startle) reflex: Draws up legs, archs back when startled. Neonatal / Infancy Rooting reflex: Neonate responds to stimulation by sucking. Babinski reflex: Baby spreads toes when foot tickled. Vision: Baby can see up to about 12 inches away. Cognitive ability: Can imitate mother’s facial expressions. The Nature of Culture Babinski's reflex or extensor plantar reflex is a test for dysfunction corticospinal tract. corticospinal tract The test consists of stroking the outside sole from heel to toe with a pointed object. The normal response is a bunching downward (flexor) movement of all the toes. In infants under 2 years of age and people with dysfunction in the corticospinal tract, this causes an upward (extensor) movement of the big toe.

Infancy: From 2 weeks to 24 months. –Physical Development 2 months: Raise head and chest off floor. 6 months: Sit unaided. –Cognitive Development Infant actively involved with environment Picks up objects and put them in mouth. Realizes that objects still exist even when they are not in sight. (Object Permanence) The Nature of Culture

Emotional & Social Development – 2 months: Smiling at caregiver. – months: Shyness, fear. Visual Cliff (Gibson & Walk, 1960) –D–Development of fear of heights. Separation Anxiety Apprehension when child is separated from caretaker. Begins around 6 months. Emotional bond between infant and caretaker. The Nature of Culture

Cognitive Development Egocentric (self-centered thought) Animism (attributes volition to inanimate objects) – Transductive reasoning Logical errors regarding cause-and-effect. –Because two things co-occur, one must cause the other. Emotional & Social Development – Change in peer relationships Solitary play Parallel play Cooperative play The Nature of Culture

MAINLY learned SR conditioning Prägung (Imprinting) - Konrad Lorenz (Shared Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1973 with Karl von Frisch and Niko Tinbergen) Symbolic learning ( Cognitivism, Constructivism) Imprinting (Prägung, in the original German) is defined as follows:…a relatively rapid learning process that takes place during a short, sensitive period in early youth. It has a prominent-sensitive phase and a stable, often irreversible effect. Classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov (Nobel Prize, 1904 Medicine and Physiology) ; John Watson, Behaviorism ) Associationism ( Law of Effect … Edward Thorndyke, Animal Intelligence 1911) Operant conditioning ( B.F. Skinner About Behaviorism ) Based on ability to create and manipulate symbolic systems…the neurological basis of CULTURE that had been attained by about 100,000 years B.P. The Nature of Culture 'An observable, measurable and relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of experience'.

Participant Observation Culture Shock Comparative Method Important Dichotomies Emic/Etic Inside/Outside Overt/Covert Real/Ideal How Cultures Are Studied

subculture Culture Change acculturation functional prerequisites culture loss cultural evolution cultural diffusion How Cultures Are Studied

A Major Aspect of Culture Change in Texas Through Mid Century

Percent of Texas Population by Age Group and Ethnicity, 2000

Percent of Texas Population by Age Group and Ethnicity, 2040*

Projected Proportion of Population by Race/Ethnicity in Texas, *

Projected Percent of Net Change Attributable to Each Race/Ethnicity Group in Texas for *

Global Warming We are in a significant warming interval. Human activity continues to be an important factor…perhaps the most important single factor. There are already signs of cultural stress related to change in the environment. Will we be able to change our systems of adaptation (cultures) fast enough to avoid major calamities?