Technology in Action Alan Evans Kendall Martin Mary Anne Poatsy Twelfth Edition

Technology in Action Technology in Focus: The History of the Personal Computer

The First Personal Computer The Altair 1975: First Personal Computer  Altair 8800 sold as a $395 kit  No keyboard or monitor  Not user-friendly  Marked start of personal computer boom  Bill Gates and Paul Allen among first owners Wrote compiling program and sold to Altair Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 2

The Apple I and II Built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak Operating system stored in ROM Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 3

Enter the Competition Apple’s success fostered competition Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 4

Enter the Competition The Osborne: The Birth of Portable Computing Introduced in 1981 Weighed 24.5 pounds 5-inch screen Cost $1,795 Overnight success Compaq bought Osborne in 1983 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 5

Enter the Competition IBM PCs Prior to 1980: Known for mainframes 1981: Entered small-computer market with IBM PC Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 6  Sold at retail outlets (Sears)  Quickly dominated the market  “1982 Machine of the Year”

Other Important Advancements The Importance of BASIC Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC)  Introduced in 1964  Revolutionized software industry  Easily learned by beginning programmers  Became key language for PC  Led to creation of Microsoft Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 7

Other Important Advancements Advent of Operating Systems 1980: Microsoft developed MS-DOS  Operating system for IBM PCs  Modified by Bill Gates  PCs using Intel chip used MS-DOS  Microsoft’s reign had begun Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 8

Other Important Advancements The Software Application Explosion: VisiCalc and Beyond Including floppy disk drives in personal computers set off an explosion of software applications Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 9

The Graphical User Interface Graphical user interface (GUI) allowed easier interaction Replaced command- or menu-driven interfaces Not invented by computer company Apple was first to take commercial advantage of GUI Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 10

The Graphical User Interface Xerox: Birth of the GUI Xerox Alto (1972) Introduced “What You See Is What You Get” (WYSIWYG) File management system with directories and folders Mouse and network connectivity Never sold commercially Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 11

The Graphical User Interface The Lisa and the Macintosh Apple Lisa (1983)  First successful PC using GUI  Windows, dropdown menus, icons, a file system with folders and files  Very expensive Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 12

The Graphical User Interface The Lisa and the Macintosh Apple Macintosh (1984)  1/3 cost of Lisa  Introduced 3½-inch floppy disk Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 13

Making the Personal Computer Possible: Early Computers The Pascalene Calculator First accurate mechanical calculator Created by Blaise Pascal in 1642 Used gears to count by tens Can add, subtract, multiply, and divide Basic design used in mechanical calculators for 300 years Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 14

Created by Joseph Jacquard Revolutionized fabric industry Cards had punched holes; weaving complex patterns Process then used in computers using punch cards Making the Personal Computer Possible: Early Computers The Jacquard Loom Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 15

Making the Personal Computer Possible: Early Computers Babbage’s Engines Analytical Engine: 1834  Designed by Charles Babbage  First automatic calculator  Based on Difference Engine  Never developed  Drawings and descriptions similar to today’s computers Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 16

Making the Personal Computer Possible: Early Computers Hollerith Tabulating Machine 1890: Created by Herman Hollerith  Automatically read data from punch cards 1896: Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine Company  Became International Business Machines (IBM) Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 17

Making the Personal Computer Possible: Early Computers Z1 Z1 (1936)  Created by Konrad Zuse  Mechanical calculator  Included control unit and separate memory functions  Important breakthrough for future computer design Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 18

Making the Personal Computer Possible: Early Computers Atanasoff–Berry Computer Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) (1939)  Created by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry  First electrically powered digital computer  Used vacuum tubes to store data  First computer to use the binary system  Memory repowered itself upon booting Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 19

Making the Personal Computer Possible: Early Computers Harvard Mark I Created by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper  Used by U.S. Navy for ballistic and gunnery calculations Hopper’s greatest contributions:  Inventing compiler  Coining term computer bug Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 20

Making the Personal Computer Possible: Early Computers Turing Machine Abstract computer model: Performed logical operations Hypothetical model: mathematically defined mechanical procedure Infinite tape could be read, written to, and erased; precursor to today’s RAM Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 21

Making the Personal Computer Possible: Early Computers ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer  First successful high-speed electronic digital computer  Big and clumsy  Used 18,000 vacuum tubes  Filled 1,800 square feet Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 22

Making the Personal Computer Possible: Early Computers UNIVAC Universal Automatic Computer  First commercially successful digital computer  Used magnetic tape, not punch cards  Considered first-generation computer  Last to use vacuum tubes to store data Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 23

Making the Personal Computer Possible: Early Computers Transistors and Beyond Transistors (1945)  Invented at Bell Telephone Laboratories  Replaced vacuum tubes  Smaller and more powerful than tubes  Considered second-generation computers  Limited to how small they could be made Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 24

Making the Personal Computer Possible: Early Computers Transistors and Beyond Integrated circuits (1958)  Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments  Small chip containing thousands of transistors  Enabled computers to become smaller and lighter  Considered third-generation computers Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 25

Making the Personal Computer Possible: Early Computers Microprocessor Chip Intel Corporation—1971 Chip contained millions of transistors Functioned as central processing unit (CPU) Intel and Motorola became leading manufacturers Considered fourth-generation computers Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 26

Computer Generations First-generation (1951)  Used vacuum tubes Second-generation (1945)  Used transistors Third-generation (1958)  Used integrated circuits Fourth-generation (1971–today)  Use microprocessor chip Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.TIF History 27

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