Opticon JRA5: Smart Focal Planes Colin Cunningham 5th September 2007 UK ATC (UK), Univ Durham (UK), LAM (FR), CRAL (FR), IAC (SP), IoA Cambridge (UK), TNO/TPD (NL), ESO-INS (Int), ASTRON (NL), CSEM (SW), INAF-Padova (IT), UNIBrem (GE), Reflex s r o (CZ), AAO (UK/Aus)

2 Objectives Evaluate, develop and prototype of technologies for Smart Focal Planes Build up and strengthen a network of expertise in Europe, and encourage mobility between partners Engage European Industry in the development of technologies which can be batch produced to enable future complex instruments to be built economically Enable these technologies to be developed to the stage where they can be considered for the next generation of telescopes

3 Science Motivation: Multi IFU Spectroscopy Prominent Science Cases 1. First light – the highest-redshift galaxies 2. Physics of high- redshift galaxies Secondary Science Cases 1. Resolved Stellar populations 2. Initial Mass Function in stellar clusters

4 Multi-Slit Spectroscopy Multi-slit spectroscopy in the NIR provides an alternative, which may be better fitted to some science cases MOSFIRE on Keck > TMT instrument Image courtesy Ian McLean (UCLA)

5 Methodology Start with Instrument concepts to define technology requirements – SmartMOS & SmartMOMSI Develop and prototype technology Feed lessons back into iterations of instrument concepts Feed this into ELT instrument Design Studies and Phase A studies –Very successful > EAGLE & SMOS consortia

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7 WP1: Management, systems design and systems engineering Ensure the JRA meets its goals, within financial and time constraints. Enable clear communications between teams and to the OPTICON management team. Facilitate an open process for deciding which technologies to progress. Yes Develop and revise the existing Technology Roadmap Use the roadmap to aid decisions making on which technologies to prototype. Identify new technologies. Yes Fix requirements and specification to provide realistic and measurable goals for technology studies. Develop and evaluate concepts for future instruments using Smart Focal Planes. Yes Evaluate technology requirements and challenges which are common to many of the Smart Focal Plane devices, such as metrology, cryogenic mechanism reliability including tribology, position sensing and actuation. Yes

8 Objectives: WP2 Technology Development Develop areas of technology which offer key performance enhancements for multi-object and integral field spectroscopy, and are feasible for prototyping in the near-term Yes Develop manufacturing techniques to enable batch production. Partial

9 WP2.1: Image slicers: Develop smooth image slicer optics for the visible, develop transmissive devices, replacing linear arrays of mirrors by customised arrays of small lenses. Industrialisation of these manufacturing processes. Yes – used for VLT-MUSE Investigate solutions for the measurement of small aperture, complex optical surface. Yes Develop the currently available analysis and simulation tools for IFU design. No – being done for VLT-KMOS Explore optical replication techniques for slicer production Yes

10 WP2.2: Beam Manipulators Cryogenic pick-off arms: Investigate higher angular resolution and alternatives for positioning. Investigate methods for improving thermal performance. Compare optical designs for increasing the field of view. Explore cost effective technologies and design options for batch production. Develop prototype devices. No – part of development programme for KMOS Beam Steering Mirrors. Investigate technology required for miniaturisation of beam steering devices. Explore cost effective technologies and design options for batch production. Prototype key elements. Yes Robotic manipulators: (‘Starbugs’): Develop concepts for robotic mirror positioners and optical layouts to act as spectrometer feeds. Develop prototype devices. Yes – and devised and developed Starpicker

11 WP3.1: Fibre Systems Study new ways to manufacture high quality fibre-based IFUs for the wavelength range microns. No – not a priority from Instrument concept studies Consider how fibre IFUs can be miniaturised for multi-object applications. No – as above Identify suitable fibre core material for cryogenic operation. No – as above Explore concepts for efficiently deploying fibre IFUs. Concepts of vacuum-held and robotically deployed fibre systems considered

12 WP3.2: Reconfigurable Slits and Masks Investigate concepts and predicted performance of Cryo mechanisms for actuators and linear slides. Yes Evaluate current availability of data for relevant materials properties at cryogenic temperatures, and identify where future work is needed. Some work done Evaluate challenges for sensing and metrology, including slit configuration measuring systems. Yes Investigate friction-stiction and particle production and contamination issues for slit mechanisms. Yes

13 WP3.3: MOEMS Review and visit European micro-technology labs/industries to evaluate capabilities and stimulate interest in developing programmable slit devices using existing technologies Investigate exploitation of other research programmes, e.g. JWST NIRSpec ESA studies and devices from different application sectors Yes Model NIRSpec multi slit device and evaluate impact in the design and operation of a future spectrograph. Yes Develop existing laboratory test systems for MOEMS operating in a cryogenic environment and in the infrared regime if possible. Yes

14 WP4: Trade off Study Evaluate the technologies against the science and functional requirements. Carry out risk analysis and cost estimates. Choose technologies to prototype. Yes – as part of instrument concept studies Identify requirements for future developments of other technologies. Yes – eg cooled DMs Review technology options to agree most productive technologies to progress in Phase B. Yes - > development of Starpicker

15 WP5: Management and Systems Engineering (Phase B): Continuation of Phase A, with specific emphasis on roadmapping. Partial Continuation of evaluation of risks and challenges in the provision of enabling technologies, including identifying routes for further development Yes Culminating in a report which details the way forward to multiobject and multiple field spectroscopy with Extremely Large Telescopes and current facilities. Need overtaken by ELT DS instrument studies and ELT Instrument working group report

16 Phase B WP6: Prototype Technologies: Design: Build and test prototype devices and subsystems. In progress WP7: Verify Technology: Design, build, and test laboratory test equipment, and evaluate the new technology prototype devices in test equipment. Demonstrate manufacturability of chosen technology. In progress WP8: Feasibility studies: Continue studies of feasibility of technologies with medium to long-term availability and potential high performance Yes – MOEMS devices

Technology Highlights

18 Slit mechanism Slit mechanism developed for ESA by CSEM Developed further under SFP programme –Improved manufacture techniques for slides

19 Swiss Technology in Keck MOSFIRE instrument UCLA building Keck NIR MOS instrument with CSEM slit mechanism first time they have gone to European procurement Courtesy Ian McLean, UCLA

20 Multi-object Multi-IFU Spectrometers: WFSPEC & MOMSI in FP6 ELT design study S-MOMSI WFSPEC KMOS MOMSI EAGLE

21 EAGLE Concept

22 Pick-off Mirror Technology AAO UK ATC/CSEM/Astron

23 Star-picker Positions Pick-Off Mirrors to better than 5 micron repeatability 100 repositions per hour – will be improved Joint development: UK ATC, Astron & CSEM International Patent Application No PCT/GB2006/ (P14214PC)

24 Cryogenic Testings of Star- Picker Elements Nitrogen bath cold tests conducted on gripper – vertical travel successful, but apparent need to up gripper current by 20%. This to be confirmed with additional tests. Rotation stage cold wrap manufactured and installed, ready for precision measurements in cold bath and cryostat.

25 Beam Steering Mirror Mirror and support manufactured Mirror being polished Use of a dummy mirror to: –Test the mount –Develop control software –Evaluate performances Design and manufacture of Tip/Tilt platform

26 Actuators performances Stroke Influence of the flexural pivot Perfect linearity of the deformation Fit with FEM Opposite Mirror Piezo Angle

27 Image Slicers daughter mother mandrel Invented by Ira Bowen in 1938, but only now coming into use as optical fabrication techniques make it possible Now possible to replicate using electroforming For visible light: Sub 10nm rms surfaces needed – still only possible with glass slicers Economic study shows cross-over at about 30 slicers

28 SMART Focal Planes: Programmable slits in Europe Principle of the micro-mirror array  Long slit mode Tilt accuracy: < 1 arcmin  Surface quality < 15nm PtV 100 x 200µm

29 ELT Instrument Proposal: SMOS

30 Changes to scope of work Removed Pick off arms – done by KMOS project Reduced scope of image slicer work Reduced fibre development Added Star-picker development Phase B concentrated on object selection for EAGLE and MOEMS for SMOS concepts

31 Planned work to completion WP 3.2 Cryomechanisms –Tip-Tilt Focal Plane ASTRON WP 5.0 Management and Systems Engineering – UK ATC / IAC WP 6.2 Pick-off Prototype – Gripper Cold Tests – CSEM/UK ATC WP 6.2 Pick-off Prototype – Star-Picker Cold Tests – UK ATC WP 6.3 Beam manipulator prototype - active optics – LAM WP 6.4 MOEMS mirror array prototype – LAM/CSEM WP6.5 Integration of Star-Picker and Cryo-Mirrors in Smart Focal Plane Demonstrator

32 New WP Evaluation of cooled and cryogenic mirrors for SFP based NIR & MIR instruments with AO built-in Driven by EAGLE and MIDIR requirements Coordinated by TNO-TPD, Delft Partners: Astron, Leiden, UK ATC (& Paisley Univ) Kick-off meeting on Friday 6 th Sept

33 Dissemination of results: publications Proc. SPIE 5382 (2004) Smart focal plane technologies for ELT instruments Colin R. Cunningham, Suzanne K. Ramsay-Howat, Francisco Garzon, Ian R. Parry, Eric Prieto, David J. Robertson, and Frederic Zamkotsian Proc. SPIE 5904 (2005) Progress on smart focal plane technologies for extremely large telescopes Colin Cunningham, Eli Atad, Jeremy Bailey, Fabio Bortoletto, Francisco Garzon, Peter Hastings, Roger Haynes, Callum Norrie, Ian Parry, Eric Prieto, Suzanne R.Howat, Juergen Schmoll, Lorenzo Zago, and Frederic Zamkotsian Proc. SPIE 6273 (2006 ) A scalable pick-off technology for multi-object instruments Peter Hastings; Suzanne Ramsay Howat; Peter Spanoudakis; Raymond van den Brink; Callum Norrie; David Clarke; K. Laidlaw; S. McLay; Johan Pragt; Hermine Schnetler; L. Zago SMART-MOS: a NIR imager-MOS for the ELT Francisco Garzón; Eli Atad-Ettedgui; Peter Hammersley; David Henry; Callum Norrie; Pablo Redondo; Frederic Zamkotsian New beam steering mirror concept and metrology system for multi-IFU Fabrice Madec; Eric Prieto; Pierre-Eric Blanc; Emmanuel Hugot; Sébastien Vivès; Marc Ferrari; Jean-Gabriel Cuby Deployable payloads with Starbug Andrew McGrath; Roger Haynes It's alive! Performance and control of prototype Starbug actuators Roger Haynes; Andrew McGrath; Jurek Brzeski; David Correll; Gabriella Frost; Peter Gillingham; Stan Miziarski; Rolf Muller; Scott Smedley Micro-mirror array for multi-object spectroscopy Frederic Zamkotsian; Severin Waldis; Wilfried Noell; Kacem ElHadi; Patrick Lanzoni; Nico de Rooij Proc. SPIE 6466 (2007) Uniform tilt-angle micromirror array for multi-object spectroscopy Severin Waldis; Pierre-Andre Clerc; Frederic Zamkotsian; Michael Zickar; Wilfried Noell; Nico de Rooij

34 SPIE Orlando Trade Show

35 What did work! Using ELT instrument concepts to drive technology requirements Joint development programmes –Replicated Image Slicers Durham, LAM, Reflex, Padua –Starpicker UK ATC, ASTRON, CSEM –MOEMS mirror device LAM, CSEM, with subcontract to IMT Neuchatel European team-building leading to EAGLE and SMOS instrument consortia

36 What didn’t work – lessons learned Phasing and 18 month planning cycle Some partners didn’t work together well Too many partners Work packages with only one partner were less successful than the very productive joint workpackages Financial and time-sheet tracking Communications……….

37 OPTICON SFP achievements 2 ELT Instruments in baseline planning based on our Smart Focal Plane Technologies Teams working on proposals for E-ELT Phase A studies Working prototypes: –Starpicker –Starbugs –Deformable Beam Steering Mirrors –MOEMS mirrors –Replicated image slicers Reports on enabling technologies: actuators, positions sensing, slit mechanisms Technology development path foreseen in Opticon FP7 and with national funding for future ELT and 8-10 m instruments

38 Overall Objectives Met? Evaluate, develop and prototype of technologies for Smart Focal Planes - YES Build up and strengthen a network of expertise in Europe, and encourage mobility between partners – YES Engage European Industry in the development of technologies which can be batch produced to enable future complex instruments to be built economically – Partial – image slicers Enable these technologies to be developed to the stage where they can be considered for the next generation of telescopes - YES

39 Smart Instrument Technologies Proposal for FP7: Summary Smart Focal Plane Technology developments are now being carried forward into ELT instrument Phase A programme for EAGLE and possible S-MOS Proposal for FP7 addresses 2 further questions: –How to build lower mass, active instruments to meet flexure requirements of wide-field or high resolution cryogenic instruments? –Are there science and operational gains from expanding the Smart Focal Plane concept into a Smart Instrument Suite where several different instruments a fed from a wide field pick off system, and if so what technologies need development?