Defining and Measuring Stress Chapter 5
WHAT IS STRESS? RESPONSE TO INCREASED DEMAND A NEGATIVE EMOTION A MOTIVATOR THE CAUSE OF ILLNESSES
Cognitive Processing Appraisal Response Physiological Cognitive Affective Stressor Event Behavior Coping
THE STRESSOR COULD BE ANY STIMULUS LIFE EVENTS DAILY HASSELS POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE LIFE EVENTS DAILY HASSELS
COGNITVE PROCESSING - APPRAISAL LAZARUS POPULARIZED THE IDEA OF APPRAISAL OUR INTERPRETATIONS DICTATE WHAT IS STRESSFUL BASED ON PERCEIVED THREAT
TYPES OF APPRAISAL PRIMARY SECONDARY The initial appraisal Appraisal of coping ability Options Self-efficacy Outcome Expectancy
THE RESPONSE PHYSIOLOGICAL COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE FIGHT OR FLIGHT BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION SYSTEM (BIS) COGNITIVE WORRY RUMINATION FOCUS AFFECTIVE TENSE SAD/HURT OVERWHELMED PUMPED
PHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM NEUROENDOCIRNE SYSTEM ADRENOCORTICAL RESPONSE ADRENOMEDULLARY RESPONSE
Figure 5.1 (p. 100) Divisions of the human nervous system.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROLS MOBILIZATION OF BODIES RESOURCES – FIGHT/FLIGHT RESPONSE
THE EFFECTS OF ANS SYMPATHETIC PARASYMATHETIC INCREASE DECREASE HR, RESPIRATION, BP, GLUCOSE UTILIZATION, BLOOD TO MUSCLES DECREASE IMMUNE SYSTEM , DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS PARASYMATHETIC RETURN TO BASELINE RELAXATION DIGESTION PUPILLARY CONSTRICTION SALIVA FLOW NEAR VISION
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND HORMONES
SUMMARY OF STRESS RESPONSE STESSOR IS APPRAISED AS HARMFUL/THREAT HYPOTHALAMUS RELEASES CRF PITUITARY RELEASES ACTH AC – RELEASES CORTISOL +ENERGY +FOCUS - IMMUNE AUTONOMIC NEURONS TRAVEL TO AM AND SECRETE Ach AM - RELEASES E AND NE INIATES AND DRIVES FIGHT/FLIGHT
The Effect of Chronic Stress Over Time: The General Adaptation Syndrome
SOURCES OF STRESS ENVIRONMENT OCCUPATION RELATIONSHIPS CROWDING POLLUTION NOISE URBAN PRESS OCCUPATION RELATIONSHIPS
MEASURING STRESS PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIAL MEASURES LIFE EVENTS SCALES HORMONE LEVELS BP HR GSR LIFE EVENTS SCALES EVERYDAY HASSELS SCALE
Coping Emotion Focused Coping Problem-Focused Coping Coping w/the response Problem-Focused Coping Changing the appraisal Changing the event
EVENT Problem Focused Coping APPRAISAL RESPONSE Emotion Focused Coping
Theories of Coping: Problem- & Emotion- Focused Lazarus & Folkman (1984) (Strategy) Problem-Focused Emotion-Focused Resolve cause of problems Managing emotional impact of problem Seeking info. Going to GP Think of options Devise plan Change job Talk to friends Going shopping Drinking Relaxing Avoidance
Who Uses Which? High perceived controllability Females Adolescents+ Problem-Focused Emotion-Focused Relationship problems Males Low perceived controllability Children Work problems Low resources
Effectiveness of Coping Strategies Effectiveness of coping strategy relates to the nature of the problem A flexible approach is better than rigid use of specific style Many studies indicate that problem-solving is overall a better strategy
Global Factors Influencing Coping: Social Support Social Support –Material and emotional support from others Emotional Instrumental Informational Structure Social Network Marriage Social Isolation Gender Differences – Tend and Befriend Women seek more Women give more Stronger effects on health for women
Social Support and Health The Data Studies in different states and countries support the link Correlational The mechanism Encouragement - Compliance Appraisal coping Buffering hypothesis
Just Thinking About Support Helps For this study, “undergraduates (41 men, 41 women) wrote about supportive ties or casual acquaintances. Supportive ties were rated as warmer and less controlling than acquaintances, and writing about them evoked reductions in negative affect, especially for low-hostile participants," the researchers said. "Compared with the acquaintance condition, the supportive tie condition resulted in reduced heart rate and blood pressure response during a subsequent speech stressor” among low-hostile participants. Mental activation of supportive ties, hostility, and cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory stress in young men and women. Health Psychology, 2004;23(5):476-485.
Mobilizing Social Support Qualities of Effective Social Support Emotional Sharing Cooperation Increasing Social Support Improve Existing Networks Support Groups
Global Factors Influencing Coping: Personal Control Internal vs. External Locus of Control Internal is better Perceived Control Higher is better Langer and Rodin (1976) Nursing home residents Personal control increased physical and mental health status