1 Managerial Accounting Concepts and Principles Managerial Accounting C H A P T E R Managerial Accounting Concepts and Principles Managerial Accounting 13e Warren Reeve Duchac human/iStock/360/Getty Images

Financial Accounting and Managerial Accounting ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Management Accountant in the Organization (slide 1 of 2) In most companies, departments or similar organizational units are assigned responsibilities for specific functions or activities. The operating structure of a company can be shown in an organization chart. The departments in a company can be viewed as having either of the following: Line responsibilities Staff responsibilities ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Management Accountant in the Organization (slide 2 of 2) A line department is directly involved in providing goods or services to the customers of the company. A staff department provides services, assistance, and advice to the departments with line or other staff responsibilities. A staff department has no direct authority over a line department. In most companies, the controller is the chief management accountant. The controller’s staff consists of a variety of other accountants who are responsible for specialized accounting functions. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Managerial Accounting in the Management Process The management process has the following five basic phases, which interact with one another: Planning Directing Controlling Improving Decision making ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Direct and Indirect Costs A cost is a payment of cash or the commitment to pay cash in the future for the purpose of generating revenues. In managerial accounting, costs are often classified according to the decision-making needs of management. For example, costs are often classified by their relationship to a segment of operations, called a cost object. Costs identified with cost objects are either direct costs or indirect costs. Direct costs are identified with and can be traced to a cost object. Indirect costs cannot be identified with or traced to a cost object. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Thus, the cost of a finished product includes: Manufacturing Costs The cost of a manufactured product includes the cost of materials used in making the product. In addition, the cost of a manufactured product includes the cost of converting the materials into a finished product. Thus, the cost of a finished product includes: Direct materials cost Direct labor cost Factory overhead cost ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Direct Materials Cost Manufactured products begin with raw materials that are converted into finished products. To be classified as a direct materials cost, the cost must be both of the following: An integral part of the finished product A significant portion of the total cost of the product ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Direct Labor Cost Most manufacturing processes use employees to convert materials into finished products. The cost of employee wages that is an integral part of the finished product is classified as direct labor cost. A direct labor cost must meet both of the following criteria: An integral part of the finished product A significant portion of the total cost of the product ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Factory Overhead Cost Costs other than direct materials cost and direct labor that are incurred in the manufacturing process are combined and classified as factory overhead cost (sometimes called manufacturing overhead or factory burden). All factory overhead costs are indirect costs of the product. Factory overhead cost also includes materials and labor costs that do not enter directly into the finished product. Examples include the cost of oil used to lubricate machinery and the wages of janitorial and supervisory employees. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Prime Costs and Conversion Costs Direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead costs may be grouped together for analysis and reporting. Two such common groupings are as follows: Prime costs, which consist of direct materials and direct labor costs Conversion costs, which consist of direct labor and factory overhead costs Conversion costs are the costs of converting the materials into a finished product. Direct labor is both a prime cost and a conversion cost. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Product Costs and Period Costs (slide 1 of 2) For financial reporting purposes, costs are classified as product costs or period costs. Product costs consist of manufacturing costs: direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead. Period costs consist of selling and administrative costs. Selling expenses are incurred in marketing the product and delivering the product to the customer. Administrative expenses are incurred in managing the company and are not directly related to the manufacturing or selling functions. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Product Costs and Period Costs (slide 2 of 2) As product costs are incurred, they are recorded and reported on the balance sheet as inventory. When the inventory is sold, the cost of the manufactured product sold is reported as cost of goods sold on the income statement. Period costs are reported as expenses on the income statement in the period in which they are incurred, and, thus, they never appear on the balance sheet. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Balance Sheet for a Manufacturing Business A merchandising business reports only Merchandise Inventory on its balance sheet. In contrast, a manufacturing business reports three types of inventory on its balance sheet as follows: Materials inventory (sometimes called raw materials inventory) consists of the costs of the direct and indirect materials that have not yet entered the manufacturing process. Work in process inventory consists of the direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead costs for products that have entered the manufacturing process, but are not yet completed (in process). Finished goods inventory consists of completed (or finished) products that have not been sold. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Income Statement for a Manufacturing Business (slide 1 of 3) A merchandising business purchases merchandise ready for resale to customers. The total cost of the merchandise available for sale during the period is determined as follows: The cost of merchandise sold is: ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Income Statement for a Manufacturing Business (slide 2 of 3) A manufacturer makes the products it sells, using direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead. The total cost of making products that are available for sale during the period is called the cost of goods manufactured. The cost of finished goods available for sale is determined as follows: The cost of goods sold is determined as follows: ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Income Statement for a Manufacturing Business (slide 3 of 3) Cost of goods manufactured is required to determine the cost of goods sold. The cost of goods manufactured is often determined by preparing a statement of cost of goods manufactured. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Flow of Manufacturing Costs ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Uses of Managerial Accounting Managerial accounting provides information and reports for managers to use in operating the business. Managerial accounting provides the cost of manufacturing a product, which can be used to determine its selling price. Managerial accounting allows for comparing the costs of manufacturing products over time and can be used to monitor and control the cost of direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead. Performance reports allow management to identify any large amounts of scrap materials or employee downtime. A report could analyze the potential efficiencies and dollar savings of purchasing computerized equipment to speed up the production process. A report could analyze how many units need to be sold to cover operating costs and expenses. Such information could be used to set monthly selling targets and bonuses for sales personnel. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.