Communities, Biomes and Ecosystems 1-13-15 EQ: How do organisms interact with their environment?

Chapter 2.1 Ecology Study of interactions between organisms and their surroundings

Ecological Levels of Organization Figure 3-2 Ecological Levels of Organization Ecological Levels of Organization Section 3-1 Go to Section:

Bioshphere The biosphere consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists.

Biome Biome—a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms

Biological Levels of Organization Ecosystem—all the organisms that live in a place, together with their physical environment Community—an assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area

Biological Levels of Organization Population—a group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area Individual Organism– one organism of a species

Abiotic and Biotic Factors What are biotic and abiotic factors?

Abiotic and Biotic Factors A biotic factor is any living part of the environment with which an organism might interact

Abiotic and Biotic Factors An abiotic factor is any nonliving part of the environment, such as sunlight, heat, precipitation, humidity, wind or water currents, soil type, etc.

Ecosystem Interactions Niche vs. Habitat

Habitat Habitat General place where an organism lives

Niche Niche—range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce How an organism interacts with biotic and abiotic factors

Niche Instead of competing for resources species usually divide resources such as Food, water, space, nutrients, or light (necessity of life)

Community Interactions Competition Occurs when organisms attempt to use the same limited ecological resource in the same place at the same time.

Predator Prey Relationship Interaction in which one animal (the Predator) captures and feeds on another animal (prey) Predators can affect the size of prey populations in a community

Predator Prey Relationship

Camouflage to avoid predation

Mimicry

Symbiotic Relationships Symbiosis Living together Three main types 1. Mutualism 2. Commensalism 3. Parasitism

Symbiotic Relationships Mutualism: Organisms that benefit from a relationship with each other Example: Pollination, clown fish and anemone Commensalism: One organism benefits from a relationship; the other organism is neither harmed nor helped Example: Barnacle and Whale

Symbiotic Relationships Parasitism: Relationship in which one organism lives inside or on another organism and harms an organism Example: Fleas, ticks, leech, tapeworms

Communities 3.1 Group of interacting populations that occupy the same area. How does abiotic factors affect a community? How does biotic factors affect a community?

Limiting factors Any abiotic or biotic factor that restricts organisms (numbers, reproduction or distribution) Abiotic examples Water, temperature, fire, climate Biotic examples Other plants or animals

Tolerance Tolerance—Ability to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental circumstances When environmental conditions, such as temp, goes beyond optimal range organism experiences stress

Tolerance When outside optimal range must expend more energy to maintain homeostasis Tolerance for environment helps determine habitatgeneral place where an organism lives J

Succession Ecological succession a series of more-or-less predictable changes that occur in a community over time Two types of succession 1. Primary Succession 2. Secondary Succession

Primary Succession Primary succession Life begins in an area where no community has existed before Examples volcanic islands, bare rock from retreating glaciers S

Primary Succession First species to colonize barren areas are called Pioneer Species Examples lichen (mutualistic organism of fungus and algae), moss and certain grasses Pioneer species break down rock, and form soil

Bare rock bare rock→lichens→mosses→grasses→shrubs→trees

Glacial retreat

Man-made structures

Secondary Succession Existing communities are not completely destroyed by disturbances. Then secondary succession occurs. Faster than primary succession because soil exists

Secondary Succession Occurs after natural disturbances Wildfire, hurricane, human activities such as logging and farming

Hurricane

Figure 53.18x1 Large-scale disturbance: Mount St. Helens

Figure 53.18x2 Forest fire

Climax Communities Climax Community Stable, mature community where little change in the composition of species Succession doesn’t always reproduce the original climax community

Biome 3.2 The map shows the locations of the major biomes.

Color coded biomes of the World Figure 4-17 The World’s Major Land Biomes Color coded biomes of the World Section 4-3 Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland Temperate forest Tundra Tropical dry forest Desert Northwestern coniferous forest Mountains and ice caps Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Boreal forest (Taiga) Go to Section:

Global Distribution of the Biomes

Compare/Contrast Table Ten Major Biomes Biome Precipitation Temperature Soil Diversity Trees Grasses Tropical Rain Forest high hot poor dense sparse Tropical Dry Forest variable mild rich moderate medium Tropical Savanna clay Desert low Temperate Grassland summer hot absent Temperate woodland and Shrubland summer low, winter moderate Temperate Forest summer moderate, winter cold Northwestern Coniferous Forest summer mild, winter cold rocky, acidic Boreal Forest summer mild, winter cool poor, acidic Tundra summer mild, winter cold Section 4-3 Go to Section:

Freshwater Ecosystems 3.3 What are the major categories of freshwater ecosystems?

Freshwater Ecosystems What are the major categories of freshwater ecosystems? Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into three main categories: rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, and freshwater wetlands.

Freshwater Ecosystem Freshwater Pond Ecosystem Section 4-4 Spoonbill Frogs lay eggs in the shallow water near shore.The eggs hatch in the water as tadpoles and move to the land as adults. The shore is lined with grasses that provide shelter and nesting places for birds and other organisms. The roots of water lilies cling to the pond bottom, while their leaves, on long flexible stems, float on the surface. The bottom of the pond is inhabited by decomposers and other organisms that feed on particles drifting down from the Fish share the pond with turtles and other animals. Many of them feed on insects at the water’s edge. Plankton and the organisms that feed on them live near the surface where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Microscopic algae are among the most important producers. Duck Water lilies Frog Dragonfly Mosquito larvae Duckweed Phytoplankton Snail Pickerel Diving beetle Trout Hydra Crayfish Snail Benthic crustaceans Freshwater Ecosystem Go to Section:

Marine Ecosystems This diagram shows the different zones in an ocean.

Open Ocean The open ocean is divided into two zones based on light penetration—the photic and aphotic.