LEAD PAKISTAN MEETING ON WATER WATER MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES KHALID MOHTADULLAH 18 December 2014Islamabad

2 IRRIGATED AREAS 3.8 MA44.4 MATOTAL 0.8 MA2.2 MABalochistan 0.5 MA2.3 MANWFP 1.5 MA33.4 MAPunjab 1.0 MA6.5 MASindh Ongoing Schem Presently Irrigated Areas AREA BALOCHISTAN SINDH PUNJAB Disputed Territory NWFP

3 Irrigated Agriculture Sector Single most important sector of the economy contributing almost one-quarter of the GDP Supports 70% of the population Employs 44 to 50 % of the labor force Directly or indirectly responsible for 60 –70 % of export earnings Irrigated lands produce 80 % of agricultural production Uses more than 90% of the nations water resources Growth in this sector holds the key to poverty alleviation and economic growth

4 WHY IS WATER MANAGEMENT WHY IS WATER MANAGEMENT IMPORTANT IN PAKISTAN IMPORTANT IN PAKISTAN WATER AVAILABILITY HAS REDUCED TO WATER AVAILABILITY HAS REDUCED TO 1050CUM/CAPITA (CHRONIC STRESS) 1050CUM/CAPITA (CHRONIC STRESS) WATER SHORTAGE IS PROJECTED AT WATER SHORTAGE IS PROJECTED AT 14.9MAF (PCRWR 1994) 14.9MAF (PCRWR 1994) 70-75% OF SURFACE WATER BECOMES 70-75% OF SURFACE WATER BECOMES AVAILABLE DURING 3 MONTH AVAILABLE DURING 3 MONTH STORAGES ARE DEPLETING IN CAPACITY STORAGES ARE DEPLETING IN CAPACITY DISPROPORTIONATE LOSS OF WATER TO DISPROPORTIONATE LOSS OF WATER TO SEA SEA

5 WHY WATER MANAGEMENT IS WHY WATER MANAGEMENT IS IMPORTANT IN PAKISTAN (contd) IMPORTANT IN PAKISTAN (contd) G/WATER LEVELS ARE GOING DOWN AND G/WATER LEVELS ARE GOING DOWN AND QUALITY IS DETERIORATING QUALITY IS DETERIORATING MORE THAN 50% OF ALL DISEASES ARE MORE THAN 50% OF ALL DISEASES ARE WATER RELATED MORE THAN 90% 0F EXPORTS ARE MORE THAN 90% 0F EXPORTS ARE AGRI-BASED AGRI-BASED FINANCIAL RESOURCES ARE SCARCE FINANCIAL RESOURCES ARE SCARCE STRONG WATER-POVERTY NEXUS STRONG WATER-POVERTY NEXUS IMPORTANT WATER FOOD AND ENEGY IMPORTANT WATER FOOD AND ENEGY NEXUS NEXUS

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7 Water use in 2000 and projections 2025

8 Other uses and requirements

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10 Land productivity--- very poor Comparison of major crops yields

11 Water productivity---extremely poor Comparison with other countries

12 Water quality

13 Population Vs Water

14 Per Capita Storage Capacity in different Countries

15 Water services financing—gap between requirements and returns

16 Governance Issues More than water scarcity, the crisis is of governance Sector is too fragmented Too many institutions managing it Too many laws governing it Erosion of institutional capacity No one responsible for Basin’s integrity Limited user participation Water is not seen as socio-economic good but more as a social good Poor financing of water services

17 Governance Issues Weak dispute resolution mechanisms CCI remained inactive, political support for dispute resolution remained weak Absence of basin approach for development and management of water resources

18 CLIMATE CHANGE. This is one of our greatest worries because so much depends on it depends on it. Climate change is no longer an issue for the distant future, it is already taking place, and in this region, future, it is already taking place, and in this region, particularly the poorest people, are most at risk.. The impacts of higher temperatures, more variable particularly the poorest people, are most at risk.. The impacts of higher temperatures, more variable precipitation, more extreme weather events, and sea level precipitation, more extreme weather events, and sea level rise are already being felt and will continue to intensify. rise are already being felt and will continue to intensify.. These changes are having major impacts on the economic performance of Pakistan and on the lives and livelihoods performance of Pakistan and on the lives and livelihoods of millions of its poor people. of millions of its poor people.. The impacts result not only from gradual changes in temperature and sea level but also, in particular, from temperature and sea level but also, in particular, from increased climate variability and extremes, including more increased climate variability and extremes, including more Intense floods, droughts, and storms. Intense floods, droughts, and storms. Source: Climate change Panel Source: Climate change Panel

19 CLIMATE CHANGE SOME FUTURE IMPACTS. Glacier melting in the Himalayas is projected to increase flooding and will affect water resources within the next flooding and will affect water resources within the next two to three decades.. Climate change will compound the pressures on natural two to three decades.. Climate change will compound the pressures on natural resources and the environment due to rapid urbanization, resources and the environment due to rapid urbanization, industrialization, and economic development. Crop yields could decrease up to 30% in South Asia by industrialization, and economic development. Crop yields could decrease up to 30% in South Asia by the mid-21st century including Pakistan the mid-21st century including Pakistan Mortality due to diarrhea primarily associated with floods Mortality due to diarrhea primarily associated with floods and droughts will rise and droughts will rise

20 CLIMATE CHANGE (CONSEQUENCES). Decreased water availability and water quality in many arid and semiarid regions Increased risk of floods and droughts in many regions reduction in water regulation in mountain habitats decreases in reliability of hydropower and biomass and semiarid regions Increased risk of floods and droughts in many regions reduction in water regulation in mountain habitats decreases in reliability of hydropower and biomass production increased incidence of waterborne diseases such as production increased incidence of waterborne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and cholera increased damages and deaths caused by extreme malaria, dengue, and cholera increased damages and deaths caused by extreme weather events decreased agricultural productivity adverse impacts on fisheries adverse effects on many ecological systems weather events decreased agricultural productivity adverse impacts on fisheries adverse effects on many ecological systems Sea-level rise will exacerbate inundation, storm surge, Sea-level rise will exacerbate inundation, storm surge, erosion and other coastal hazards erosion and other coastal hazards THIS SHOWS NEED FOR URGENT MEASURES FOR ABATING ABOVE CONSEQUENCES

Glaciers of HKH Region 21

22 HKH GLACIERS

23 BIAFO GLACIER

24 Summary of Issues Water scarcity Uneven water availability during and between years Drought Poor system delivery efficiency Waterlogging and salinization inc: secondary salinity Groundwater management Disposal of drainage effluent Poor land and water productivity Climate change Lack of user participation Weakened institutional capacity Poor governance Water and Poverty linkage Financing water infrastructure (O&M, Rehabilitation and Development) IWRM

25 REASONS FOR GROWING WATER SCARCITY POPULATION GROWTH WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION NEEDS WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION NEEDS FOOD SECURITY REQUIREMENTS FOOD SECURITY REQUIREMENTS DEPLETING STORAGE CAPACITY DEPLETING STORAGE CAPACITY ENVIRONMENTAL DEMANDS ENVIRONMENTAL DEMANDS DECLINING WATERTABLES DECLINING WATERTABLES INCREASING POLLUTION INCREASING POLLUTION AGEING INFRASTRUCTURE AGEING INFRASTRUCTURE CROPPING PATTERNS CROPPING PATTERNS URBANIZATION URBANIZATION INDUSTRIAL DEMAND INDUSTRIAL DEMAND LACK OF PROPER LAWS FOR USAGE LACK OF PROPER LAWS FOR USAGE

26 REASONS FOR GROWING WATER SCARCITY (contd) INEQUITY AND POVERTY INEQUITY AND POVERTY CAPACITY EROSION CAPACITY EROSION DESERTIFICATION DESERTIFICATION DROUGHT DROUGHT WATERSHEDS AND ECO-SYSTEMS WATERSHEDS AND ECO-SYSTEMS CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE WATER GOVERNANCE (INSTITUTIONS) WATER GOVERNANCE (INSTITUTIONS) ECONOMIC VALUE OF WATER ECONOMIC VALUE OF WATER INSUFFICIENT WATER WISDOM INSUFFICIENT WATER WISDOM

27 Way Forward – Practical Steps Promote integrated development of water resources (River Basin) Protect natural water bodies Water quality management Wastewater reuse and use of saline water in agriculture Conserve and protect the resource Water savings (high efficiency irrigation and new cropping patterns) Add reservoirs to offset siltation and meet growing needs Water for Hydropower (high potential and non consumptive nature) Climate change impacts (drought and flood management)

28 Way Forward (Contd) Focus on increasing water use and water delivery efficiency Facilitate faithful implementation of 1991 water accord Establish transparent equity in distribution in canal commands System rehabilitation and modernization Increase productivity of land and water (cropping patterns, land leveling, lining in saline areas, micro irrigation etc) Hydrologic database for surface and groundwater (collection, processing and transparent sharing) Groundwater management (rights regulation and control) Promote conjunctive use of surface and groundwater Adequacy of drainage Reach Drainage accord for safe disposal of drainage effluent Increase coordination between user organizations particularly between irrigation and agriculture

29 Way Forward (Contd) Economic value of water and its correct pricing (O&M) Increase public-private sector partnerships Increase user participation at all levels Basin management approach Raise political will Capacity building in technical and management areas Research coordination and support Water poverty mapping for identifying water poor areas for effective investment in the sector Promote small scale developments in outside command areas where there are deep pockets of poverty (through community participation) Invigorate the reform process already underway Strengthen office of Indus Water Commissioner

I want to leave you with three key messages 1. Using more than 95% of our fresh water in agriculture is not tenable keeping in view growing population and diminishing water supplies 2. We have to save water in all water use sectors, and every drop that is stored is a drop saved 3. We have to build strong resilience to combat CC through effective capacity building at all levels for improved water management 30

I want to leave you with three key messages 1. Using more than 95% of our fresh water in agriculture is not tenable keeping in view growing population and diminishing water supplies 2. We have to save water in all water use sectors, and every drop that is stored is a drop saved 3. We have to build strong resilience to combat CC through effective capacity building for improved water management 32

33 Governance institutions Federal – Ministry of water and power – Min. of Science and Technology – Min. of Agriculture – Min. of Environment – Atomic Energy Commission – WAPDA, IRSA, FFC, CEA – IWASRI – PCRWR – Federal Water Management Cell Provincial – Irrigation departments – PIDAs – Local government dept – Line agencies

34 Laws and Regulations Federal – WAPDA Act 1958 – Water Accord 1991 – IRSA ACT 1992 – Environment Act 1992 – Council of Common Interests(Constitutional body) Provincial – Irrigation and Drainage Act 1873 – Balochistan Water Ordinannce 1980 – Punjab Soil Reclamation Act 1952 – PIDAs Atc 1997 – Water Users Association Act 1982