Instructional Technology and Media for Learning Instructional Materials and Displays RAKESH KUMAR CHINDAM

OVERVIEW Learning Centers Instructional Modules Manipulative Printed Materials Free and Inexpensive Materials Display Surfaces Exhibits

LEARNING CENTERS A self-contained environment Promotes individual or small-group learning Should encourage active participation of students

Advantages Self-pacing Active Learning Teacher Role

Limitations Cost and Management Student Responsibility Student Isolation

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULES A self-contained instructional unit Used by a single or small-group learners without teachers presence.

The Instructional module must gain Student’s attention Introduce the topic Present new content Provide practice-and-feedback activities Test for mastery Assign follow-up remediation or enrichment

Components of Modules Rationale Objectives Entry test Multimedia materials Learning activities Self-test Post-test

MANIPULATIVES Are the objects that can be viewed and handled in a learning setting Are often included in learning centers and instructional modules Field trips, displays, and dioramas include manipulative

3 Types of manipulative Real objects Models Mock-ups

Real Objects Coins, tools, artifacts, plants, animals, etc. There is no substitute for real thing when learning some content May be used as is, or may modify them to enhance instruction Also plays a valuable role in the evaluation phase of instruction

Models Are three-dimensional representations of real objects Provide learning experiences that real things cannot provide Assembly activities help sharpen both cognitive and psychomotor skills

Mock-ups Are sometimes constructed as working models The recommended media when realism is essential for learning

PRINTED MATERIALS Include textbooks, fiction and nonfiction books, booklets, pamphlets, study guides, manuals, etc. Most common application is presenting information

Advantages Availability Portability Flexibility User friendly Economical

Limitations Reading level Memorization Vocabulary One-way presentation Curriculum determination

FREE AND INXEPENSIVE MATERIALS Include posters, games, pamphlets, brochures, reports, charts, maps, books, audiotapes, etc. Another resource that has become very important for obtaining free and inexpensive materials is the Internet

Advantages Up to date In-depth treatment Student manipulation

Limitations Bias or advertising Special interests Limited quantities

Sources for Materials There are local, state, national, and international sources of free and inexpensive materials Local government agencies, community groups, private businesses, public libraries, Trade and professional associations, etc. to name only a few.

DISPLAY SURFACES Chalkboards and Whiteboards Are universally recognized as a flexible and economical display surfaces The white surface is also suitable for projection of video, PowerPoint frames, slides, etc.

Electronic Whiteboards Allows to “capture” digitally anything written on them Especially valuable for brainstorming sessions and for summarizing group discussions Copies could be particularly helpful for students who miss class Two types of electronic whiteboards – standard and interactive

Bulletin Boards Brief news announcements of urgent interest are posted for public notice In practice, bulletin board displays tend to serve three broad purposes – decorative, motivational, or instructional

Cloth Boards Are constructed of cloth stretched over a sturdy backing material such as plywood, etc. Shy students may particularly profit from this kind of activity

Magnetic Boards Visuals are backed with magnets and then placed on the metal surface of the board Major advantage is that maneuvering visuals is easier and quicker than with cloth boards

Flip charts Is a pad of large paper fastened together at the top and mounted to an easel Is an extremely versatile, convenient, and inexpensive media format Is an exceptionally valuable aid to any group discussion

EXHIBITS Are collections of various objects and visuals 3 types of exhibits Field Trips Displays Dioramas

Field Trips Field trips are an exhibit of real things in their natural environment Displays A display is an array of objects, visuals, and printed materials (e.g., labels and descriptions) Dioramas Dioramas are static displays consisting of 3- dimensional foreground and a flat background to create a realistic scene

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