Manifest Destiny and the Mexican War HUSH Unit 4

Presidents to Know # 1-5… 6. John Quincy Adams (Yes, the son!) 7. Andrew Jackson (Ol’ Hickory) 8. Martin Van Buren (Old Kinderhook…OK) 9. William Henry Harrison (Tippecanoe and...) 10. John Tyler (…Tyler, too!) 11. James K. Polk (Young Hickory) 12. Zachary Taylor (Rough and Ready)

Manifest Destiny or BUST! Americans pushed westward into Texas, New Mexico, California, and Oregon in search of new opportunities. As their numbers grew, tensions developed between the new settlers and the peoples who already claimed these lands as their home.

Overland Immigration to the West  Between 1840 and 1860 more that 250,000 made the trek westward

Trails Westward

The Oregon Trail Albert Bierstadt, 1869

The Doomed Donner Party April, 1846 – April, 1847

The Doomed Donner Party James Reed & Wife Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen  Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California! CANNIBALISM ! ! CANNIBALISM ! !

The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!  By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land.  The joint British-U. S. occupation ended in 1846.

Claiming the Southwest Spain was declining in stature- had a tough time hanging on to overseas territories and colonies Spanish territory in NA- CA, Mexico, New Mexico (Northern Mexico), Texas Spanish missions- settlements and small town developed away from Spanish control and fought for independence

Treaty of Cordoba 1821 Mexico won its independence from Spain- secularized the missions and began to deal with the growing amount of Americans who were moving to the north Mexico Santa Fe Trail- took Americans from the east to the SW

First “Si”…then “No”!! Mexico welcomed the Americans at first to strengthen economic ties with the powerful young United States “The Mexican Colonization Law of 1824” Thousands of Americans responded Texas was overwhelmed… By 1830, Mexico changed the law NO Americanos welcome!!

The Texan War for Independence The Texans sought independence- the 2 top leaders were: Stephen Austin- became Texas president of the Republic of Texas Sam Houston- famous Tennessean who becomes first governor

The Republic of Texas

Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836 Sam Houston ( ) Steven Austin ( )

The Alamo- March 6,1836 General Santa Anna- surrounded the Alamo in San Antonio 13-Day siege- all Americans died including Davy Crockett and Sam Bowie The crying rally for the Texans (and later all Americans) became “Remember the Alamo!!!”

Remember the Alamo!

Davey Crockett’s Last Stand

The Battle of the Alamo General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

Santa Ana Captured Sam Houston and a force of Texas attacked Santa Ana’s Mexican forces Santa Anna was captured and Mexico was forced to surrender He ceded Texas in exchange for his freedom As soon as Santa Ana was released, he changed his mind and refused to recognize the independence of Texas

Texas is Annexed by the U.S. Texas voted for in 1836 to be annexed by the US and apply for statehood Mexico believed that Texas was still Mexican territory saw the annexation as a cause for war Did not make Mexico happy!!

A Power Shift in the Senate?? President John Tyler signed the annexation treaty with Texas but this would cause a power shift since Texas was for slavery Remember the Missouri Compromise?? The Whigs did not want treaty because of this possible shift in power to the South Did not ratify treaty

Have you Heard of “Texas Tea”?? The Texans looked to Great Britain for possible annexation The British coveted Texas cotton and considered the offer The offer was finally refused because of the strong abolitionist movement in Great Britain Remember…slavery was allowed in Texas

This Means War!! Democrat James Polk won the presidency Texas applied again for annexation in 1843 The new president signed treaty with Texas and expanded the United States AGAIN!! Offered to but territory from Mexico- for $30 Million Mexico refused!! Mexico broke off diplomacy and claimed that the border was the Nueces River instead of the Rio Grande

California Declares Independence General Zachary Taylor invaded the area near the Nueces and war was declared in 1846 California declared independence from Mexico and named itself the Republic of California Bear Flag Revolt- drove Mexicans out of northern CA

The Mexican War ( )

General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto “Old Rough and Ready”

The Bear Flag Republic John C. Frémont The Revolt  June 14, 1845

The Americans are Victorious! Taylor met Santa Anna at the Battle of Buena Vista- Feb Hard fought battle won by the Americans General Winfield Scott- “Ol’ Fuss and Feathers” then met Santa Anna at Vera Cruz and then marched to Mexico City victorious!

General Scott Enters Mexico City “Old Fuss and Feathers”

The Bombardment of Vera Cruz

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The war was over and the Americans had their land and now stretched from coast to coast- the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on Mexico gave up Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as the border Mexico gave up New Mexico and CA The US paid $15 million to Mexico The US paid $3 million to American citizens who had claims against Mexico

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848 Nicholas Trist, American Negotiator

The Gadsden Purchase In 1853 the US paid $10 million for the Gadsden Purchase in southern Arizona and New Mexico The boundaries of the contiguous 48 states were now set This boundary has not changed since 1853

The Mexican Cession

Territorial Growth to 1853

Results of the Mexican War? 1.The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease). 2.New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX) 3.These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. 4.Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. 5.Manifest Destiny was partially realized. 1.The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease). 2.New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX) 3.These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. 4.Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. 5.Manifest Destiny was partially realized.

The Slavery Issue Slavery issue was now front and center- slave territories would become Slave states and Free states would now become free states- Fight in Congress was now just around the corner- The Wilmot Proviso- slavery would not be permitted in the new territory acquired from Mexico- this was defeated in the Congress by a block of Southern Democrats

Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Congr. David Wilmot (D-PA)

Westward the Course of Empire Emmanuel Leutze, 1860

GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848 John A. Sutter

California Gold Rush, er’s

Two Views of San Francisco, Early 1850s  By 1860, almost 300,000 people had traveled the Oregon & California Trails to the Pacific coast.

Thanks Again to Sue Pojer!!