1 Today: Ideology  What is an ideology? A belief system that  specifies the nature of the “good society” and  how to achieve it Not “testable”; not subject to evaluation based on evidence

Ideologies  Ideologies, belief systems relevant to contemporary China Confucianism Legalism Liberalism Nationalism Marxism-Leninism Maoism

Confucianism  Examples of Confucianism’s relevance today?

4 Confucianism  Ideal of social harmony  Through knowing one’s place 4 bonds  Ruler/minister  Father/son  Husband/wife  Elder/younger Benevolence   Deference

5 Confucianism  Importance of moral exemplars and correct thinking/behavior Especially by  Emperor  Elites  Self-cultivation Following moral exemplars Through education

6 Confucianism  Conservative ideology that idealizes the past

7 Confucian Ideology  Mandate of heaven  “Right to rebel” When rulers neglect their subjects’ well-being

8 How did a benevolent ruler deserving of the “Mandate of Heaven” rule?  Normal functions of the Qing State Propagation of ideology, perpetuation of system of rule Tax collection Maintenance of public order Maintenance of basic infrastructure Provision of minimal social welfare and relief

Losing the “Mandate of Heaven”  Normal functions of the Qing State progressively undermined  by internal and external sources of decline in the 19 th Century.

10 Internal Sources of Decline in the 19 th Century  “Phenomenal” population increase  Increasing economic competition for survival  Corruption of regime  Series of major rebellions

11 Series of Major Rebellions in 19 th C  Taiping Rebellion ( )  Nian Rebellion ( )  Others  suppressed by provincial armies outside of central state control  Est. 100 million deaths in rebellions

12 Losing the “Mandate of Heaven”  Qing Dynasty seen as losing the “Mandate of heaven”

13 External Sources of Decline in the 19 th Century  Defeat in wars with Western powers and Japan Opium Wars   Sino-Japanese War 

14 External Sources of Decline in the 19 th Century  Imperialism posed fundamental challenge to belief system  Traditional exam system abolished 1905 Contrast: Macartney Mission 1793

15 Confucianism  How did Confucianism itself come to be discredited among intellectuals and students by the 20 th Century ？

16 The Shadow of Confucianism Introduce discussion groups What is the “shadow of Confucianism”?

17 The Shadow of Confucianism What is democracy? Percent Responding Procedural24.6 Minben (substantive)14.1 Mixed 4.6 Incoherent14.7 Don’t know42.0 *minben ( 民本 ) Source: Shijian Tian & Jie Lu, “The Shadow of Confucianism” Survey of 3,183 PRC residents

18 The Shadow of Confucianism  Confucian notion of minben  “Rulership should be entrusted to those with superior knowledge and virtue”  Legitimacy is defined by substance: how well the regime performs and cares for its people  “Ordinary citizens have the right to participate only under extreme conditions— if a rule loses the “Mandate of Heaven”

19 The Shadow of Confucianism What is democracy? Percent Responding Procedural24.6  potential challenge to regime Minben (substantive)14.1 Mixed 4.6 Incoherent14.7 Don’t know42.0 * “minben” ( 民本 ) Source: Shijian Tian & Jie Lu, “The Shadow of Confucianism”

20 The Shadow of Confucianism What is democracy? Percent Responding Procedural24.6 Minben (substantive)14.1  potential support for regime Mixed 4.6 Incoherent14.7 Don’t know42.0 *minben ( 民本 ) Source: Shijian Tian & Jie Lu, “The Shadow of Confucianism” Survey of 3,183 PRC residents

21 The Shadow of Confucianism What is democracy? Percent Responding Procedural24.6 Minben (substantive)14.1 Mixed 4.6 Incoherent14.7 Don’t know42.0  not threatening for regime *minben ( 民本 ) Source: Shijian Tian & Jie Lu, “The Shadow of Confucianism” Survey of 3,183 PRC residents

Take home message  What is an ideology? A belief system that  specifies the nature of the “good society” and  how to achieve it  Confucianism Ideal of social harmony through knowing one’s place  Superior Moral exemplar Benevolent to inferiors Benevolent leaders enjoy legitimacy (mandate of heaven)  Inferior Owes deference to superiors Discredited in context of Qing Dynasty’s failure to respond to  Internal challenges—economic development  External challenges—imperialism Revival of Confucianism to legitimate contemporary CCP

Nationalism  Rise of nationalism in early 20 th C

24 Nationalist Party (founded 1912) KMT kuo-min-tang 国民党 guomindang  Sun Yat-sen  Nationalist ideology  “Three People’s Principles” Nationalism Democracy People’s livelihood

25 Chinese Communist Party (founded 1921) CCP 共产党 gongchandang  Marxism-Leninism Radical, egalitarian Emphasis on  Social transformation  National self- determination  Next class: importance of nationalism in CCP platform/agenda CCP co-founder Chen Duxiu

26 Marxism  Economy (material foundation) “It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but, on the contrary, their social (material) existence determines their consciousness.”  “Scientific” theory of the development of history Feudalism  Capitalism  Socialism  Communism  Class Based on relationship to means of production  In the case of capitalism Owners of capital Suppliers of labor (proletariat)  Class conflict Drives politics Logic of capitalist competition necessitates increasing exploitation of workers Mass of workers would eventually overthrow the few capitalists Note that socialism follows developed capitalism

27 Leninism  New kind of political party Bolshevik Party Conspiratorial, vanguard party  Leads nascent working class  Activists organize “in the workers’ interest” Democratic centralism  party discipline  Contributed analysis of imperialism as highest stage of capitalism

28 Maoism Voluntarism  Where there’s a will there’s a way Mass mobilization Egalitarianism Self-reliance “Red” vs. “Expert” Revolutionary potential of the peasantry

29 Confucianism and Maoism  Mao rejected Confucianism, but notice: Cultivation of moral/political exemplars  “Redness” not “expertise” Will/Voluntarism  Idea that “the key to effective action lies in first transforming the hearts of men” comes from the Confucian tradition.  Un-Marxist

Wrap-up  Today—’isms  Next class Develop theme of nationalism  Bianco: “Nationalism and Revolution”  Also, what happened to Liberalism? Introduce theme of revolutionary change  Perry on the Chinese peasantry Rebellious tradition of peasantry Predatory vs. protective strategies of peasant survival Primary source  Mao, “Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan” In lecture: how did the CCP mobilize peasant support?