Chapter Thirteen MONEY, MONEY, MONEY Cha-Ching $$$$$

2 Introduction Questions concerning who controls education and who finances it are vital issues that influence the future of education and the role of teachers. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3 Focus Questions What is the relationship between the responsibilities of local school districts, the state, and the federal government? Which state models of education are influenced by politics? How is a typical school district organized? Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

4 Focus Questions (continued) How do professional educational associations influence educational policy? How does the source of revenue influence educational policy? What is the relationship between equity and adequacy models for funding education? Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

5 Focus Questions (continued) When does increased control over education result in negative/positive consequences? How do shifts from local sources of revenue to state sources impact educational policy? How do current teacher compensation plans compare with proposed pay for performance plans? Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

6 The Structure of Education Control The 10 th Amendment to the Constitution reserves those powers not delegated to the federal government to the states. Because education is not specifically mentioned in the Constitution, governance of education has been delegated to the states. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

7 The Structure of Educational Control All educational activities within the state are subject to the control of the state. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

8 The Structure of Educational Control The state enacts legislation binding on all schools, determines financing formulas for the schools, determines criteria for granting and revoking teacher and administrator credentials, establishes curriculum frameworks and content standards, accredits schools, and may determine the textbooks to be used in the schools. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

9 The Structure of Educational Control State Organization and Influence – State Legislature and Governor – Chief State School Officer – State Board of Education – State Department of Education Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

10 The Structure of Educational Control State Governance Models – There are several governance models used by states. – In 25 states the governor appoints all state board members and some members in 14 states. – In 24 states the chief state school officer is appointed by the state school board; the governor appoints them in 12 states; in 14 states they are elected. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

11 The Structure of Educational Control The Local School District. – The local school districts operate schools, hire teachers, purchase supplies, run buses, build and maintain buildings, and perform all tasks related to keeping the school running. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

12 The Structure of Educational Control The Structure of Local School Districts – School Board – Superintendent – Central Office Staff – School Administration – Teachers and School Staff Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

13 Other Influences on Educational Policy Professional Education Associations – National Education Association (NEA) – American Federation of Teachers (AFT) Business Leaders Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

14 Financing Education The costs of education and how money should be allocated is the subject of much intense debate. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

15 Financing Education (continued) Conservatives argue that schools do not need more money and the solution is more efficient use of money allocated to education. Liberals argue that the per capita funding of education in the U.S. is considerably lower than that of most highly industrialized nations. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

16 Financing Education (continued) In order to understand the debate the following questions must be answered – How much does education cost? – Who pays for education? – How are the funds allocated? Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Financing Education (continued) FEFP – Florida Education Finance Plan – att2.pdf att2.pdf

18 Financing Education (continued) Issues in School Finance – Equity vs. Adequacy – Is money available to provide additional funds? – Teacher Compensation Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

19 Summary Those who control education can control the political, social, and economic course of society. The Spending Clause in the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution enables the federal government to increase influence on educational policy. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

20 Summary (continued) Local school districts have responsibility for the daily operation of the schools. In recent years the federal government has expanded its influence through legislation such as the “Individuals with Disabilities Education Act” and “No Child Left Behind.” Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

21 Summary (continued) Professional teacher associations influence educational policy through their lobbying activities as the federal and state levels. Business and industry have a prominent role in calling for educational reform. There has been a recent trend away from local control of education toward more centralized control. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

22 Summary (continued) In some states the practice of financing education through property tax has been challenged and funding sources changed. The biggest educational cost is for instruction and instruction-related programs. Some districts base funding allocations of “average daily attendance.” Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

23 Summary (continued) Adequacy models address the question of how much it will cost to achieve the levels of achievement defined by the state. Teacher compensation plans are normally based on a single salary schedule where all teachers receive the same amount of compensation; recent calls have been for merit or performance pay systems. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

24 Reflection If the state has the legal authority for the school, should the state be held accountable for the failure of the school district? Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

25 Reflection (continued) Is the governance model an effective model? What are the advantages and disadvantages? Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

26 Reflection (continued) How does school “culture” impact teachers in the school? Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved