Final Exam Tuesday, May pm Marshall Auditorium

BASE Jumping Regulations Illegal within all National ParksIllegal within all National Parks Outside of National Parks, regulated by Federal Aviation Administration (same laws as skydiving)Outside of National Parks, regulated by Federal Aviation Administration (same laws as skydiving)

Snowmobiling in Yellowstone Winter Use Plan has been approvedWinter Use Plan has been approved winteruse/plan/index.htmwww.nps.gov/yell/technical/planning/ winteruse/plan/index.htmwww.nps.gov/yell/technical/planning/ winteruse/plan/index.htmwww.nps.gov/yell/technical/planning/ winteruse/plan/index.htm

International Recreation

Global perceptions about recreation areas Cultural perceptions of recreation and recreation areasCultural perceptions of recreation and recreation areas Masai family, Kenya

Global perceptions about recreation areas Ownership of public landsOwnership of public lands –Crown lands of Canada & Provincial Parks Algonquin Provincial Park, Canada

Global perceptions about recreation areas Ownership of open lands & access for recreationOwnership of open lands & access for recreation –Great Britain 1951 – First National Park established in England1951 – First National Park established in England Peak National Park, England

Global perceptions about recreation areas Annapurna Sanctuary, Nepal Wilderness perceptionsWilderness perceptions

Problems facing international recreation today High population growth in poor countries >>> conflict between survival & preservationHigh population growth in poor countries >>> conflict between survival & preservation Competition for natural resourcesCompetition for natural resources WarsWars

World Heritage Sites Sites of unique international cultural & natural interestSites of unique international cultural & natural interest Designated by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, & Cultural Organization)Designated by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, & Cultural Organization) 721 sites worldwide721 sites worldwide

History of World Heritage Sites 1959 – Plans to Build Aswan High Dam in Egypt1959 – Plans to Build Aswan High Dam in Egypt –UNESCO launched campaign to save Abu Simbel Temples –$80 million –Temples moved to high ground Abu Simbel Temples, Egypt

History UNESCO prepared a draft convention on the protection of cultural heritage sites UNESCO prepared a draft convention on the protection of cultural heritage sites US suggested creation of World Heritage Trust to protect natural areas globally US suggested creation of World Heritage Trust to protect natural areas globally

History 1968 – International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) developed natural heritage site protection proposal1968 – International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) developed natural heritage site protection proposal 1972 – “Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage”1972 – “Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage” Today – 168 countries ratified convention (192 countries in world)Today – 168 countries ratified convention (192 countries in world)

Designation Process Country submits application to UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee (WHC)Country submits application to UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee (WHC) –Plan for managing & protecting the site WHC meets once per yearWHC meets once per year

Designation Process WHC receives input about applications from two advisory organizationsWHC receives input about applications from two advisory organizations –International Council on Monuments & Sites –International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; World Conservation Union) Site must meet at least one criterionSite must meet at least one criterion

Criteria for Selection of Cultural Sites i.Masterpiece of human creative genius. ii.Exhibits the expression of human values over time through architecture, technology, or landscape design. iii.Exceptional testimony to a civilization.

Criteria for Selection of Cultural Sites iv.Outstanding example of a type of architecture or landscape. v.Outstanding example of a traditional human settlement representative of a culture. vi.Directly associated with events or traditions.

Criteria for Selection of Natural Sites i.Outstanding example of major stages in earth’s history. ii.Outstanding example of on-going ecological and biological processes. iii.Contain areas of exceptional natural beauty or phenomena. iv.Contain significant natural habitats necessary for conservation of biological diversity

Questions 1.What criteria are listed for the site? 2.What characteristics of the site meet the criteria listed?

Cultural World Heritage Sites

The Great Wall, China Criteria C(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)

Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump Provincial Historic Site, Alberta, Canada Criteria C (vi)

Ancient Thebes, Egypt Criteria C (i)(iii)(vi)

Potala Palace, China Criteria C (i)(iv)(vi)

What are some cultural World Heritage Sites in the US? Independence Hall, PAIndependence Hall, PA Mesa Verde NP, COMesa Verde NP, CO Statue of Liberty, NYStatue of Liberty, NY Monticello, VAMonticello, VA 8 sites total

Natural World Heritage Sites

Galapagos Islands, Ecuador Criteria N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)

Huanglong Scenic & Historic Interest Area, China Criteria N (iii)

Shark Bay, Australia Criteria N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)

Jau National Park, Brazil Criteria N (ii)(iv)

Victoria Falls, Zambia/Zimbabwe Criteria N (ii)(iii)

Barrier-Reef Reserve System, Belize Criteria N (ii)(iii)(iv)

Waterton Glacier International Peace Park, Canada & US (138 Peace Parks today) Criteria N (ii)(iii)

Aeolian Islands, Italy Criteria N (i)

What are some natural World Heritage Sites in the US? Yellowstone NPYellowstone NP Grand Canyon NPGrand Canyon NP Everglades NPEverglades NP Redwood NPRedwood NP Yosemite NPYosemite NP 10 sites + 2 International Peace Parks