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4 Brief History of AI Augusta Ada ( ) work on Charles Babbage’s early mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. Her notes on the engine include what is recognised as the first algorithm intended to be carried out by a machine. Because of this, she is often described as the world's first computer programmer. Symbolic AI ANNs s s s 1980s 1990s The beginning of symbolic AI (magnetic mouse & computer chess program) (Shannon, 1950) MP model (McCulloch & Pitts) Other models from MP (hardware / software) Perceptron (Rosenblatt, 1957) Adaline (Widrow, 1962) …… Dartmouth Summer Research Project on AI (McCarthy, Minsky, Shannon, and Rochester) Dark age ( ) Dark age “Perceptron” written by Minsky and shown that the model of perceptron can be used only in linear domains … Renaissance The age of expert systems Age of partnershipsRenaissance of ANN Grossberg et al. (ART1, ART2) Rumelhart et al. (BP) Hecht-Nielsen (Counter-BP) Hinton (Boltzman machine) ….. The age of ANN Commercialization of symbolic AI

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11 Data Information Knowledge Quantity Degree Of Abstraction Abstraction and quantity of data, information, and knowledge  Data are processed and organized as information.  Information is then collected and abstracted as useful resource ( knowledge ) for human beings to solve corresponding problems. Low High

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13 Knowledge Base Knowledge Base Inferencing Capability Inferencing Capability Computer Inputs (Questions, Problems, etc) Outputs (Answers, Alternative Solutions, etc.) Applying AI Concepts with a Computer

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18 Expert Systems Machine Learning (ANN)