The ICPD Programme of Action and International Migration at the Start of the 21st Century Ronald C. Schoenmaeckers, Ph.D. Scientific Director CBGS CBGS - Population and Family Study Centre (Flemish Community, Belgium)

The objective of this presentation is to give a statistical overview on international migration … in not more than 20 minutes. CBGS

“Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.” “Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.” Article 13, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted and proclaimed by the General Assembly of the UN on 10 December, 1948 CBGS

(a) To address the root causes of migration, especially those related to poverty; (b) To encourage more co-operation and dialogue between countries of origin and countries of destination in order to maximise the benefits of migration to those concerned and increase the likelihood that migration has positive consequences for the development of both sending and receiving countries; (c) To facilitate the reintegration process of returning migrants. CBGS As ‘objectives’, the PoA states (para 10.2):

(a) “Governments of countries of origin and of countries of destination should seek to make the option of remaining in one’s country viable for all people. To that end, efforts to achieve sustainable economic and social development, ensuring a better economic balance between developed and developing countries and countries with economies in transition should be strengthened” (para 10.3); (b) “Governments of countries of destination are invited to consider the use of certain forms of temporary migration, such as short-term and project-related migrations, as a means of improving the skills of nationals of countries of origin, especially developing countries and countries with economies in transition” (para 10.5). CBGS As part of the list of ‘actions’ to be taken, the PoA mentions, among others:

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), By major area

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), By major area LDR MDR 190m 75m

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), By major area LDR MDR 190m 75m A nearly threefold increase over last 45 years About 63% of all migrants worldwide are in More Developed Countries

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), By major region

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), By major region Asia

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), By major region Europe Asia

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), By major region N.America Europe Asia

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), By major region Africa N.America Europe Asia

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), By major region L.America Africa N.America Europe Asia

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), By major region Asia Europe N.America Africa L.America Oceania

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), By major region Asia Europe N.America Africa L.America Oceania Important differences between regions Largest relative increases are observed for Europe and Northern America

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), As percentage of the population World average 2.5% 3.0%

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), As percentage of the population By major region Oceania (>15%) N.America (13%) Europe (8%)

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), Share of female migrants World average 47% 50%

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), Share of female migrants By major region Africa N.America Asia

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), Share of female migrants By major region Africa N.America In Northern America (and since shortly also in Europe, Oceania, and Latin America) about 51% of migrants are women Sharp increase in the number of female migrants in Africa (while decline in Asia) Asia

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), Share of refugees World average 12% (1990) 7%

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), Share of refugees World average 12% (1990) 7% Erratic pattern Number of refugees is function of conflict The latter becomes especially obvious when looking at the numbers by region

CBGS Trend in total migrant stock (millions), Share of refugees By major region Africa 33% 36% Asia L.America

CBGS Net migration in Europe, /3 Net migration rate = in-migration – out-migration per 100 population

CBGS Net migration in Europe, /3 Member States of the Council of Europe

CBGS Net migration in Europe, /3 Member States of the Council of Europe UKR

CBGS Net migration in Europe, /3 Member States of the Council of Europe UKR

CBGS Net migration in Europe, /3 Member States of the Council of Europe UKR

CBGS Net migration in Europe, /3 Member States of the Council of Europe UKR

CBGS Net migration in Europe, /3 Member States of the Council of Europe S UKR

CBGS Net migration in Europe, /3 Member States of the Council of Europe TR UKR S

CBGS Net migration in Europe, /3 Member States of the Council of Europe UKR S TR Relatively low net migration rate (on ‘average’, only 0.5%) Quite large differences between individual countries Important fluctuations by year Some ‘migrant’ countries may also be countries of destination for other countries (e.g. TR)

CBGS Percentage of foreign population, Former EU15

CBGS Percentage of foreign population, Former EU15 B

CBGS Percentage of foreign population, Former EU15 B A

CBGS Percentage of foreign population, Former EU15 B A E

CBGS Percentage of foreign population, Former EU15 A B E S

CBGS Percentage of foreign population, Former EU15 S B A E DK

CBGS Percentage of foreign population, Former EU15 S B A E DK Some countries have experienced a threefold increase since the 1970s However, with the exception of Luxembourg, where since 1991 proportions of more than 30% are observed (not shown), in no country the foreign population exceeds 9.5% of the total population

CBGS Recent trends in inflows of foreign labour, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1

CBGS B Recent trends in inflows of foreign labour, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1

CBGS B I Recent trends in inflows of foreign labour, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1

CBGS B P I Recent trends in inflows of foreign labour, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1

CBGS B P I Recent trends in inflows of foreign labour, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 A

CBGS B P I Recent trends in inflows of foreign labour, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 A Fluctuations by year (depending on economic achievement) Differences between countries, e.g. Ireland (not shown) experiencing increases of more than x4 The median indicates an overall increase of foreign labour migration of 12% per annum

CBGS B P I Recent trends in inflows of foreign labour, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 A

CBGS Recent trends in inflows of foreign labour, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 P A B I Md

CBGS Recent trends in asylum applications, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1

CBGS Recent trends in asylum applications, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 S

CBGS Recent trends in asylum applications, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 I S

CBGS Recent trends in asylum applications, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 B I S

CBGS Recent trends in asylum applications, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 B I S Some countries - Italy, Belgium, and also Sweden - seem to have been able to limit the inflow of asylum seekers These individual ‘successes’ have not halted however the inflow of asylum seekers to Western Europe …

CBGS Recent trends in asylum applications, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 B I S

CBGS Recent trends in asylum applications, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 A B I S

CBGS Recent trends in asylum applications, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 A GR S I B

CBGS Recent trends in asylum applications, Selected Western European countries ‘1998’-estimate = 1 A GR S I B These patterns suggest that the country of destination asylum seekers ‘choose’ depends on the legislation that is in effect. When one country ‘closes’ its borders, asylum seekers will try their luck in another one.

(a) “Many of the migration problems now confronting governments [in Europe] have resulted from a piecewise approach to specific problems, such as economic requirements, social cohesion, asylum, illegality or return” (Salt, 2005); (b) Beginning of 2005 the European Commission published a Green Paper on ‘ Economic Migration ’. However, the objective is merely to get to a ‘comprehensive management strategy’ (among EU Member States) – the paper does not explicitly address the root causes of migration related to poverty; (c) In spite of the increasing number of international migrants, countries cannot agree on organising a UN Conference on international migration. CBGS Some concluding remarks:

Many thanks for your attention