Tuesday Dec. 20, 2011 L.O.: SWBAT explain the main ideas that led to Manitoba joining Confederation. 1.Chapter 9 Test? 2.Introduce Chapter 10 3.Red River + Selkirk Notes 4.HW: – Red River + Selkirk Worksheet – Métis + Rupert’s Act Worksheet – Chapter 10 & 11 Review Sheet due Dec. 30

Chapter 10 The Nation Expands ( ) Turn to Page 206 See Map Page 208

Manitoba Joins Confederation Pg. 209 Rupert’s Land – Area to the north and west of the Great Lakes came to be called the “North-West” – 1870, to Native peoples living in the area – Native women made pemmican (food made of buffalo meat, fat, and berries) – European and First Nations traded

Assiniboia – The Red River Settlement Pg. 210 Thomas Douglas, Earl of Selkirk, wanted to help crofters (cultivates small farms) of Scotland Forced off their land because of sheep Lord Selkirk asked for land in the Red River Valley Refused at first by HBC (company owns the land) Bought shares at a low price and gained control of the company Land grant of square km called Assiniboia (See Map) This was a good location to try and stop the NWC

Lord Selkirk Pg – 1820 Went to university to become a lawyer Interested in social problems (between people and communities) His older brothers died and he was left with the family fortune and titles Concerned about his fellow Scottish tenant farmers

Conflict I Selkirk’s land in the middle of transportation route and trading area of the NWC NWC angered – thought HBC was blocking their pemmican and disrupting their trade The Métis and Cree felt that the settlers would end their traditional hunting patterns NWC warned the Métis that food, especially pemmican, would become scarce

Conflict II Jan 1814, Governor of Assiniboia, Miles Macdonnell issues the law “Pemmican Proclamation” Worried that the settlers would starve This law stated that no food could be taken from the area without a licence The Métis angered because pemmican was used for trade and food 1815, Cuthbert Grant and the Métis barricaded Fort Douglas Seven Oaks Battle (near a group of trees) – Robert Semple, Governor-in-Chief of Rupert’s Land and a group of armed men went to find out what Grant and the Métis were doing – 1 Métis died, 20 colonists including Semple killed

Selkirk’s Settlers First group of 80 settlers arrived at York Factory in 1811 Difficult winter: homesickness, cold, poor food, and scurvy Aug 1812 arrived in the Red River Valley Nothing set up for them, so another difficult winter Received help from First Nations and the Métis

The Métis Pg. 213 In 1843, 5000 people in the Red River Settlement; 4000 were Métis Began when English, Scot, or French married Indian women Mixed cultures: English, French, and usually one Indian language; Roman Catholic or Protestant Worked in the fur trade, interpreters, labourers, hunters, trappers, Red River carts

The Métis Pg. 213 The Buffalo Hunt – Major source of food and pemmican – Happened at least once a year – Hunters display their skills and earn admiration – Travel on Red River carts until buffalos found – Four basic rules: No hunting on Sunday No one would lag behind, go ahead, or go a different direction No one start buffalo running until ordered Anyone stealing would be publicly humiliated Métis Farms – Long, narrow strips fronted onto the river

Wednesday Dec. 21, 2011 L.O.: SWBAT explain the reasons and outcomes of the Red River Resistance. 1.Answer Key to Worksheets 2.Red River Resistance PPT Notes 3.Work Period 4.HW: – Red River Resistance Worksheet + Read Pg. 214 – Chapter 10 Quiz Monday Dec. 26 – Chapter 10 & 11 Review Sheet due Dec. 30

Canada Purchase Rupert’s Land Pg. 215 Interested in purchasing Rupert’s Land Good farmland; not much left in Ontario Canadian goal of expanding west from Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean John A. Macdonald’s Conservative gov’t policy called “From Sea to Sea” Fearful that Americans would take over Rupert’s Land

Rupert’s Land Act, 1868 Pg. 216 Canada purchases Rupert’s Land from HBC for $ Transferred HBC lands to the Canadian gov’t This happened Dec. 1, 1869 HBC allowed to keep its fur forts and given large land grants in the West The entire area renamed the “North-West Territories” (See Map) Canadian gov’t sends surveyors before the official transfer to look at the land and divide it up – The Red River settlers and the Métis surprised – No one asked for their opinion on this matter Read Page 217 as a class

Red River Resistance Pg. 218 The Métis angry at the gov’t land surveyors Upset that William McDougall would be appointed as lieutenant-governor of the NWT Known as a federal minister who favoured westward expansion Louis Riel emerges as the leader of the Metis

Red River Resistance Pg. 218 Louis Riel – Well-educated – Born in the Red River Settlement – Sent by Bishop Tache to Montreal to study priesthood – Studied law for a short period – Persuasive speaker – Fluent in English and French – Known as the Father of Manitoba

Red River Resistance Pg. 218 Louis Riel set up the National Committee of Métis To guarantee the lands, language, and religious rights of his people First act was to stop McDougall from entering the Red River area on Nov 2, 1869 Next, seized Fort Garry, headquarters of the HBC in Red River Fort Garry meeting with the Metis Creates the List of Rights – conditions by which they would join Canada Dec. 8, 1869 Provisional Gov’t (temporary gov’t) replaces the National Committee; leader was Riel

The Métis List of Rights Pg. 220 Late December 1869, PM John A. Macdonald sent Donald Smith to speak with Red River people He was a Sr. Officer of the HBC – Wanted to explain the Canadian gov’t plans for the area – Find out what the Métis concerns were Smith worked with the Métis to create a revised List of Rights (Read)

Thomas Scott Pg. 221 Land surveyor and member of the Canada Party The English-speaking Protestants in Red River that was working to make the North-West part of Canada Not interested in the rights of the Métis When Fort Garry was seized, members of the Canada Party including Scott, were jailed While in jail, Scott insulted and attacked the guards; threatened to escape and kill Riel Sentenced to death for disobedience to a lawful authority on March 4, 1870 (Riel recommended mercy) Quebec and Ontario outraged – many French-speaking Roman Catholics saw Riel as a man who stood for French rights; English-speaking Ontario Protestants saw him as a murderers PM J.A.M. and Conservative Party in a difficult position now

The Manitoba Act, 1870 Pg. 221 Canadian government agreed that the areas around the Red river Settlement should become a province The Métis wanted this because a province meant greater control over local matters Fifth province to join on July 15, 1870 French and English official language Two publicly funded school systems: Roman Catholic + Protestant Federal gov’t retained control of Crown lands Riel leaves to U.S. because PM sent troops to Manitoba under Colonel Wolseley Aug 23, 1870

Thursday Dec. 22, 2011 L.O.: SWBAT explain why and when B.C. and P.E.I, joined Confederation. 1.Answer Key to Worksheet 2.B.C. + P.E.I. PPT Notes 3.Work Period 4.HW: – B.C. + P.E.I. Worksheet – Canadian Map Worksheet – Chapter 10 Quiz Monday Dec. 26 – Chapter 10 & 11 Review Sheet due Dec. 30

Friday Dec. 23, 2011 L.O.: SWBAT explain why and when B.C. and P.E.I, joined Confederation. 1.Quiz 2.B.C. + P.E.I. PPT Notes 3.Work Period 4.HW: – B.C. + P.E.I. Worksheet; Canadian Map Worksheet – CPR + National Policy WS – Chapter 10 Quiz Monday Dec. 26 – Chapter 10 & 11 Review Sheet due Dec. 30

British Columbia & Prince Edward Island Join Canada BC joined Canada in 1871 PEI joined Canada in 1873

British Columbia Enters Confederation

Prior to Confederation: British Columbia was the only Crown Colony west of the Dominion of Canada in 1867 Crown Colony – means a colony under direct control of Great Britain After explorers such as Cook, Vancouver, Mackenzie, Thompson and Fraser explored the area, the British took possession of British Columbia The HBC and NWC were involved in the fur trade with the First Nations in the area

Vancouver Island 1849 – Vancouver Island becomes a British colony (before British Columbia mainland) 1851 – James Douglas of the HBC becomes the Governor, and makes Fort Victoria the HBC headquarters In 1851, there were only 1,000 settlers living on Vancouver Island, but there was a large First Nations population

Sir James Douglas Came to Canada from Scotland in 1819 to work for the NWC Moved west with the HBC in 1821 and founded Fort Victoria as the HBC headquarters Became the second governor of the colony of Vancouver Island Known as the Father of British Columbia He was granted a knighthood by the British monarchy for keeping law and order in British Columbia during the gold rush. He became “Sir” Douglas

Mainland British Columbia British Columbia was known as New Caledonia 1858 – Gold rush hits the Lower Fraser (Thompson River) and 30,000 miners flood into the area. Many miners are from the United States 1858 – Governor Douglas convinces the British to make New Caledonia into a British colony and it is re-named British Columbia Gov. Douglas was worried about lawlessness in the area because of the miners, just like what happened in California in 1849

GOLD RUSH

In 1862 – A second Gold Rush hits the Cariboo region of BC and many more miners come search for gold By 1865, the gold rush was coming to an end and the colony of British Columbia and the colony of Vancouver Island were in financial trouble In 1866, the British unite British Columbia and Vancouver Island into one colony New Westminster was the original capital city, but it was moved to Victoria in 1868, where it has been ever since

By 1868, the colony of British Columbia was heavily in debt because of gold rush construction, such as roads When the gold rush ended, there was no money left to pay for the construction Coal mining, farming and lumbering became the main industries in British Columbia Some people wanted to join the United States, but most people favoured joining Canada in order to keep its strong ties with Great Britain

British Columbia Act (1871) Delegates from BC went to Ottawa to discuss becoming a province of Canada in 1870 In return for BC joining into Confederation, Canada promised: A railway joining BC to the rest of Canada would start within 2 years and completed in 10 years Canada would pay off BC’s debt of $1,000,000 Yearly grant of $35,000, plus a yearly grant of 80 cents per person until BC had a population of 400,000 people BC would have control of government-owned public lands (Crown Lands), just like the other provinces. British Columbia became Canada’s sixth province in 1871

Newfoundland Did not trade much with Canada Exported fish to Europe, West Indies and Brazil Imported trade goods from the United States Was strongly against joining Confederation in 1867 because they did not want to pay taxes or have their trading partners restricted They already had been granted responsible government from the British since 1855 By 1894, the price of fish dropped and Newfoundland was in debt. Delegates from Newfoundland went to Ottawa to negotiate terms of joining Canada, but the terms could not be agreed upon Newfoundland did not join Canada until 1949

Prince Edward Island joins Confederation

Prior to Confederation PEI rejected joining Confederation in 1867, even though it hosted the Charlottetown Conference in 1864 In the 1860’s, PEI shipyards were producing over 100 ships per year and its farms exported good harvests to Europe People thought there were not financial benefits for joining Canada at that time But many PEI landlords did not own their land. Absentee landlords owned a lot of the farmland from Britain If they joined Confederation, they would have only 5/200 seats in the House of Commons (rep by pop)

Why did PEI change their minds? Absentee Landlords – Farmers wanted to own land PEI was deeply in debt because of the declining economy Wooden ships built in PEI were no longer needed around the world, as steam engine and iron hull ships took their place The biggest reason for PEI’s debt was the building of the island railway Costs estimated at $4000 per km went to $14,000 per km By 1873, railway construction stopped because of the debt and PEI decided to look into joining Confederation to get out of debt

Prince Edward Island Act (1873) July 1 st, 1873, Prince Edward Island joined Canadian Confederation as the seventh province Confederation was not really a celebration in PEI because it was needed to get PEI out of debt The Canadian government agreed to: Give PEI a $800,000 loan, which would be used to buy back land from absentee landlords Canada would pay all PEI railway debt Provide a $50 grant for every person living on the island Ferry and telegraph service would be provided to the island