SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Digital Longevity Howard Besser

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Digital Longevity Content Mgmt Systems Content Format Standards (Image Identification, Standards & other Metadata, Best Practices) Longevity & Preservation Repositories Digital Preservation activities Other types of metadata standards Special problems with Cultural Heritage Material

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Content Management Systems

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Content Management Systems Used to… –Create and edit digital objects –Import & export digital objects –Manage objects (acquire, inventory, validate) Content Management Systems will Vary Depending on the Materials they Support –Metadata schemes will vary Descriptive Metadata –MARC/MODS/Dublin Core for Books –Code books for numeric datasets Administrative Metadata –Images, audio, test, etc.

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Content Format Standards (Images)

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Images- Content Format & Best Practices Identification/Provenance Technical Imaging metadata Special discovery & descriptive metadata

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Best practices  Use/Users/Collection:  Benchmarking  Masters vs. Derivatives  Scanning-  Administrative Metadata-  Structural Metadata-

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Scanning Best Practices Think about users (and potential users), uses, and type of material/collection Scan at the highest quality that does not exceed the likely potential users/uses/material Do not let today’s delivery limitations influence your scanning file sizes; understand the difference between digital masters and derivative files used for delivery Many documents which appear to be bitonal actually are better represented with greyscale scans Include color bar and ruler in the scan Use objective measurements to determine scanner settings (do NOT attempt to make the image good on your particular monitor or use image processing to color correct) Don’t use lossy compression Store in a common (standardized) file format Capture as much metadata as is reasonably possiple (including metadata about the scanning process itself)

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Why Scale is important

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Identification/Provenance (Images)-  The number of variant forms of a work can be enormous  Image Families  A digital image frequently has many layers of parentage  Information about the parentage that can indicate the quality and veracity of the image (Dublin Core "Source" and "Relation")  how to deal with different versions derived from the same scan or different encoding schemes  Vocabulary Standards to express this

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 The number of variant forms of a work can be enormous  different views of the same object  different scans of the same photo  different resolutions  different compression schemes  different compression ratios  different file storage formats  different details of the same image ...

Image Families

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Identification/Provenance  how to deal with different versions (browse, hi-res, medium res) derived from the same scan or different encoding schemes (TIFF, PICT, JFIF)  Vocabulary Standards to express this –VRA Surrogate Categories –CIMI's "Image Elements”

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Incorporate parts of Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) work expression manifestion item (and push into “change history” section of Technical Image Metadata)

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 NISO/DLF Technical Image Metadata Workshop--4/99 (Z draft)  create metadata needed to manage images in digital repositories over long periods of time (full life-cycle mgmt)  document image provenance & history  ensure that the images will be rendered accurately on any output device

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Technical Image Metadata Focus on Metadata that may prove helpful for  management  use  preservation ...

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Technical Image Metadata In Scope  still, bit-mapped pictorial images  scanned/reformatted images (+ born digital)

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Technical Image Metadata Out of Scope  vector images  moving images  images of OCR-able text  structural and hierarchical relationships between images  rights management, terms of use  (authenticity/security)

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Technical Image Metadata Technical Image Metadata -Z39.87  Image parameters (MIME type, compression, colorspace & profile, …)  Image Creation (source, capture info, etc.)  Image performance assessment (sampling, colormap, whitepoint, target data, etc.)  Change history (source, processing, etc.)

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Technical Image Metadata Technical Image Metadata -Z39.87  additional XML implementation schema (MIX)

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Other Metadata Description of depiction/surrogate (What VRA calls its "Surrogate Categories") Description of original object Rights and Reproduction Information Location Information VRA Core, LCSH, TGM, AAT, ULAN, TGN, DOI,,...

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Longevity & Preservation Repositories

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Digital Preservation -  The Problem  Preservation Repositories  Preservation Metadata  Other Digital Preservation Activities  Special concerns of Cult Heritage community

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Serious Longevity Problems  What we know from prior widespread digital file formats  Previous formats required little ongoing intervention (remote storage facilities, Iron Mtn); digital formats require intense ongoing management  The Short Life of Digital Info-

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 The Short Life of Digital Info: Digital Longevity Problems  Disappearing Information  The Viewing Problem  The Scrambling Problem  The Inter-relation Problem  The Custodial Problem  The Translation Problem

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 The Viewing Problem  Digital Info requires a whole infrastructure to view it  Each piece of that infrastructure is changing at an incredibly rapid rate  How can we ever hope to deal with all the permutations and combinations

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 The Scrambling Problem Dangers from:  Compression to ease storage & delivery  Container Architecture to enhance digital commerce

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 The Inter-relation Problem  -Info is increasingly inter-related to other info  -How do we make our own Info persist when it points to and integrates with Info owned by others?  -What is the boundary of a set of information (or even of a digital object)?

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 The Custodial Problem  In the past, much of survival was due to redundancy  How do we decide what to save?  Who should save it?  Mellon-funded E-Journal Archives  How should they save it?-

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 The Custodial Problem: How to save information?  Methods for later access  Refreshing  Migration  Emulation  Issues of authenticity and evidence

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 The Translation Problem  Content translated into new delivery devices changes meaning –-A photo vs. a painting –-If Info is produced originally in digital form in one encoded format, will it be the same when translated into another format? –Behaviors

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Older Longevity Projects  CPA Task Force  Getty “Time & Bits” Conference & Follow-ups-  Preservation experiments in US and Europe  NEDLIB, CURL, Michigan  Internet Archive  Long Now

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Preservation Repositories: Projects based on OAIS Model  CEDARS  NEDLIB  Pandora  CDL  OCLC/RLG Working Group on Preservation Metadata, Attributes of a Trusted Digital Repository, August 2001-

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Preservation Metadata  OCLC/RLG Working Group on Preservation Metadata, Preservation Metadata for Digital Objects: A Review of the State of the Art, January  OCLC/RLG Working Group on Preservation Metadata, A Recommendation for Content Information, October 2001

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Preservation Repositories: Open Archival Info System Model Producer Management Consumer

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Preservation Repositories: Open Archival Info System Model  High-level reference model describing submission, organization and management, and continuing access  Conceptual framework for different organizations to share discussions with a common language  Producers, consumers, management, actual repository  SIP, DIP, AIP  AIP consists of data objects plus representation info (Content, Preservation Description, Packaging, Descriptive)  Originally developed for Space Science community

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Preservation Repositories -- AIP Metadata Preservation Description Info –reference info –context info –provenance info –fixity info Packaging Info Descriptive Info Content Info

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 OCLC/RLG Digital Repository Attributes Administrative responsibility Organizational viability Financial sustainability Technological suitability System security Procedural accountability

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 OCLC/RLG Selected Recommendations Policies, Certification processes, Risk management, Persistent ID, Migration/Emulation experiments Stakeholders meet to decide how to describe what is in a dig repository Examine special properties of particular classes of digital objects Technical standards for exchange and interoperability btwn repositories Develop projects and case studies Copyright issues

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Other Digital Preservation Activities-  LC Natl Dig Info Infrastructure & Preservation  InterPARES  Emulation Projects  E-Journal Archiving  ERPANET  Persistent Naming

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 LC’s National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program Authorized Dec 2000 LC, Dept of Commerce, NARA, White House Office of Sci & Tech Policy with help from CLIR, NLM, NAL, OCLC, RLG Ongoing collab process Commissioned papers on preserving: the Web, periodicals, digital sound, E-Books, Digital TV, Digital Video

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 InterPARES International Research on Permanent Authentication Records in Electronic Systems Ongoing international archival world project examining how to make electronically-generated records last over time Developing the theoretical and methodological knowledge needed, then will formulate model policies, strategies, and standards In 2003 was extended to include images and rich media

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Emulation Projects CAMiLEON (Michigan/Leeds) NEDLIB

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 E-Journal Archiving Issues –License, don’t own; may not be even able to obtain right to make archival copy –Increasingly no paper back-up at all –Usually we don’t have the important redundancy factor Mellon funded projects (2001) –Yale, Harvard, Penn working w/individual publishers –Cornell, NYPL--specific disciplines –MIT exploring characteristics that change (dynamic)\ –Stanford--archiving software tools

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Electronic Resource Preservation and Access NETwork (ERPANET) Best practices and skills development for digital preservation of cultural heritage and scientific objects 3 year project launched Nov 2001; 1.2 million Euros

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Persistent Naming  URNs  Handles  PURLs  Re-directs

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Other Elements- Actors Metadata Other Metadata Preserving Electronic Art

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Reference Models for Digital Libraries: Actors and Roles DELOS/NSF Working Group

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 NSF/DELOS Actors/Roles Project Classes of Actors, including –Persons –Organizations –automata Roles & implications –Production –Dissemination –Management –use

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Multimedia & Collaborative Authorship imply Not only: –Authors –Editors –Publishers But also creators of –Text –Illustrations –Composers –Musicians...

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 And goes beyond conventional authors Others that are part of digital library process –Users –Catalogers –Reference librarians Even other groups/entities –Software agents –Mediators –Special rights holders...

Borbinha’s “naive tentative sketch” of the problem... User Registered Anonymous Librarian Agent CreatorEditor Distributor Preservation Publication LicensingAcquisition RegistrationDissemination Search Digital Library Access

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Benefits for Linking metadata to authority records Rights management Privacy protection

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Deliverables Workshop proceedings: proceedings with invited contributions and papers selected from a call, intended to be a reference source for the current state of the art. White paper: –Definition and introduction to the problem. –Description and analysis of the requirements. –A proposal to the community for a reference model, focusing on definitions of key concepts, terminology, classes of agents, services, relationships, etc. –Proposals for an international agenda for further technical and collaborative developments.

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Core group DELOS (Europe) José Borbinha, National Library of Portugal (DELOS coordinator) Michel Mabe, Elsevier Science, UK (Publishing industry) Peter Mutschke, Social Science Information Centre, Germany (Software agents, Information Retrieval) Hans-Jörg Lieder, Berlin State Library, Germany (LEAF project) Gunnar Karlsen, University of Bergen, Norway (Archives) WIPO – World Intellectual Property Organisation Glenn Macstravic NSF (USA) John Kunze, University of California, USA (NSF coordinator) Barbara Tillett, Library of Congress, USA (Libraries) Becky Dean, OCLC, USA (Libraries services) Angela Spinazze, CIMI/RLG, USA (Museums) Howard Besser, University of California, USA (Multimedia and digital art production) DCMI - Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Warwick Cathro, National Library of Australia

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Work plan Phase 1: Starting (March - April 2002) Tuning objectives, scope, and action plan Identification of reference sources Call for contributions to the workshop Phase 2: Internal Discussion (May - June 2002) Analysis of the problem Draft paper Phase 3: Public Discussion (July - October 2002) Expose the draft paper. Promote open public discussion Workshop in Portugal (July 3-5). Workshop report Draft paper (second version) Phase 4: Conclusions (November - December 2002) Review of the work done... Final report

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03... Actors and Roles ???

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Data Structures: The VRA Core  28 elements specifically for visual resource collections  Work Description Categories-  Visual Document Description Categories- 

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 VRA Core: Work Description Categories  Work type  Title  Measurements  Material  Technique  Creator  Role  Date  Repository name  Repository place Repository number Current site Original site Style/period/group/mo vement Nationality/culture Subject Related work Relationship type Notes

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 VRA Core: Visual Document Description Categories  Visual document type  Visual document format  Visual document measurements  Visual document date  Visual document owner  Visual document owner number  Visual document view description  Visual document subject  Visual document source

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Data Value Metadata (vocabularies)  LCSH  TGM  AAT  ULAN  TGN  VRA Core

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 LCSH  very general

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Thesaurus for Graphic Materials  designed for subject indexing of pictorial materials, particularly large general collections of historical images  for cataloging and retrieval  good for general audiences and broad approaches to the material  TGM-I: Subject Terms & TGM-II: Genre and Physical Characteristic Terms 

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 AAT  120,000 terms  for describing objects, textual materials, images, architecture, and material culture from antiquity to present  large and complex 

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 ULAN  name authority 

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Thesaurus of Geographic Names  over 1 million records  hierarchical and global  throughout history  most records include coordinates and descriptive notes

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Metadata for Digital Commerce  DOI  -

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03  formal structure for describing and uniquely identifying intellectual property itself, the people and businesses involved in its trading, and the agreements which they make about it (primarily for publishing, music, and visual arts)  will develop high-level specifications for the services that will be required to implement a global IP trading system based on this generic data model  focus is on encoding rights at a high level, not on resource discovery  likely to involve metadata schma registration and directory to allow interoperation of personal identifiers for rightsholders and users  supported by EEC DG-13  First meeting July 1999 

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 What’s special about Cult Heritage Materials? Images & rich media Inter-relationships btwn parts For Contemporary Art: What is the Work?-

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 LeWitt: Wall Drawing 340

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Installing LeWitt

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 LeWitt Install Directions

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Complexity of Rich Media Works often have artistic nature (including video games) Enormous number of elements can, at times, be very important to preserve (pacing, original artifact, elements used to construct the artifact) Too complex to save every one of these aspects for every type of material Importance of saving documentation

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 What can we do specific to Electronic Art? Works themselves may no longer even exist; in many cases, what we can save amounts to forensic evidence Enormous number of elements can, at times, be very important to preserve (pacing, original artifact, elements used to construct the artifact) Too complex to save every one of these aspects for every type of material Importance of saving pieces, representations, and documentation Involve the artists to capture their intentions Importance of Standards Familiarize ourselves with recent conservation developments (Who Knows?, TechArcheology, Tate, IMAP)

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Standards for encoding artists intentions (group efforts w/i Cult Heritage community) Artists Interviews Project, Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage , Modern Art: Who Cares ( TechArcheology: A Symposium on Installation Preservation (SFMOMA) More recent SFMOMA/Tate collaborations IMAP Guggenheim’s Variable Media

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Structural Metadata Standards for Encoding Multimedia- (no time for details) SMIL MPEG 4

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 A few questions our community should address Special issues raised by non-library institutions Special issues raised by images and rich media What is the work (or salient points we need to preserve)? Bring the arts communities (artist intent, BAVC) together with the preservation repository communities and the preservation metadata communities Specifically get Cult Heritage communities involved with the selected OCLC/RLG recommendations Get cult heritage groups started on working to make sure that structure standards incorporate our works What organizations will take responsibility to save today’s digital “ephemeral” materials (online ‘zines, arts discussion groups, etc.)?

SfS-Getty, 4/25/03 Digital Repository Traditions & Services require  Sustainability  Interoperability  Access  And all of these require Standards and Metadata

Digital Longevity Howard Besser, NYU Moving Image Archiving & Preservation Program Baca, Murtha (ed). Introduction to Metadata, Los Angeles: Getty Information Institute, METS official site: UC Libraries Systemwide Operations and Planning Advisory Group (SOPAG) Site for the UC Digital Preservation & Archiving Committee Final Report