The Industrial Revolution

Why Britain Led the Way Natural Resources : Climate, natural resources (iron & coal), Waterways & harbors, location – Separation from Europe kept them out of wars Good Government : Available money, encourages inventions & trade, finances roads & canals, low taxes Large labor force : need jobs and less rigid than other European countries Available Capital & Ready Markets : Colonial Empire supplied raw materials for manufacturing, colonies provide ready market for goods Advantage of being 1 st : no competition, held monopoly on technology

Economics Systems Before Industrial Rev: MERCANTILISM - nation’s increase wealth by exporting MORE than importing After Industrializing : CAPITALISM - private ownership + free competition + profit, based on supply & demand

Cottage Industry Merchants supply wool & cotton to carding cottages Next take to spinning cottage for weaving & dying cloth Merchants sell finished product for more than material & labor = PROFIT (early capitalism!) Cottage Industry

Effects: profits for merchants & more income for peasants = Early Capitalism!

$$$Capitalism$$$ An economic system based on private ownership, free competition & profit Big profits for new class of merchants Alternative source of income for peasants Need to support influx of factory workers Effects of the Cottage Industry

Textile Industry Invented Cottage industry couldn’t keep up with demand for textiles Spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule improved spinning Power loom sped up weaving Cotton gin separated seeds from cotton

New Inventions

Rise of the Factory New machines, often too big for homes, were put in factories Factories located near power source: coal, iron, water

Effects: Less expensive mass produced textiles Textile industry explodes Villagers forced to find work in urban factories Need for more efficient sources of energy

The need for energy Early factories relied on horses, oxen, & water mills Steam engine evolved in response to the increasing need for power

Steam Engine Steam forced from high to low pressure produces power Effects: Used where ever coal existed. Increased textile production. Improved mining which increased metals which in turn fueled other industries.

The need for Iron Farming tools, new factory machinery, railways Smelting makes iron more pure, but requires coal

The need for Coal Carbon necessary for smelting iron Steam engines powered by coal

Effect of Iron & Coal Britain produced more iron than all other countries of the world combined Coal powered Britain's enormous navy

Working Conditions Without proper safety regulations-factories were very dangerous Steam engines led to high temperatures within the factories Long exhausting work days Conditions led to high injury and death rates Child labor was exploited

Child Labour in Britain

“Reforms” Factory Act 1819: Limited the hours worked by children to a maximum of 12 per day. Factory Act 1833: Children under 9 banned from working in the textiles industry and year olds limited to a 48 hour week. Factory Act 1844: Maximum of 12 hours work per day for Women. Factory Act 1847: Maximum of 10 hours work per day for Women and children. Factory Act 1850: Increased hours worked by Women and children to 10 and a half hours a day, but not allowed to work before 6am or after 6pm. 1874: No worker allowed to work more than 56.5 hours per week.

Inventions Stone & eventually asphalt roads Canals Railroad era ushered in with the Rocket in 1829

Transportation Increased production increased need to transport goods quickly & cheaply Stone & asphalt roads Canals Railroads

Effects of Railroads Spread quickly across England Cheap transportation increased production & profits RR’s fuel other industries: coal, steam engines, Iron, steel, and manufacturing