AP Human Geography Industry

Sectors of the Economy Primary sector (agriculture) Extraction of raw materials from the Earth Farming, mining, fishing, forestry Higher % in LDC’s than MDC’s, decreasing Secondary sector (industry) Turn raw materials into useful products Food processing, manufacture of consumer goods Decrease in MDC’s; increase in LDC’s Tertiary sector (services) Provision of goods and services in exchange for $ Retail, banking, education, govt, etc. High % in MDC’s

What is Industry? The manufacturing of goods in a factory Secondary sector Historically, major source of jobs in MDC’s. Shifting from MDC’s to LDC’s Impact of job loss in MDC’s

The Industrial Revolution Industrialization- the process by which a country moves from primary to secondary sector. Begins mid to late 1700’s (18th century) in N. England/ S. Scotland Diffusion to N. America/ W. Europe by mid-1800’s. Rest of the world in 20th century. Led to many social, economic, political changes.

The Industrial Revolution New technologies (steam engine) increase production…less reliance on animal/human power. Shift from agricultural to industrial society People leave rural areas for urban…cities grow rapidly! Industries impacted by the IR: iron, coal, transportation, textiles, chemicals, food processing. Overall, standard of living increases as a result of IR

Watt Steam Engine

Industry in Europe Origin of the IR (Great Britain) United Kingdom Steel, textiles  High tech Rhine-Ruhr Valley (Germany, Belgium, Netherlands) Iron, steel, railroads, armaments  Port of Rotterdam Mid-Rhine (Germany/ France) Consumer markets Po Basin (Italy) Textile NE Spain Textile, vehicles Russia

Industry in North America IR spread to U.S. early to mid- 1800’s New England (Boston) Textiles Middle Atlantic (NYC/ Philly/Baltimore) Largest American market, entertainment Mohawk Valley (Buffalo) Steel Pittsburgh/ Lake Erie (Pitt/ Cleveland) Western Great Lakes (Chicago, Detroit, Gary) Steel, auto, food So California (LA) Clothing, textile, furniture SE Ontario (Hamilton, ON)

Industry in East Asia Japan (1950-60’s) China Originally cut-rate goods…now highest quality Cars, electronics, precision tools Tokyo/ Nagasaki/ Osaka China Low-cost labor Textiles/apparel Household products Guangdong/ Hong Kong/ Shanghai/ Beijing

Proximity to Inputs Input---Manufacturing---Retail/Service Inputs= raw materials/natural resources Bulk- reducing industry Plant is located close to inputs if cost of transporting raw materials > finished product to consumer. Ex. Copper, steel

Proximity to Markets Bulk gaining industry Single market manufacturers Product gains volume/ weight during production Ex. Fabricated metals, beverage (pop/beer) Single market manufacturers Located near only customer Auto parts plant would be located near assembly plant. Perishable products Newspaper, foods