Animal Anatomy and Physiology Animal structures and their functions Atom  molecule  cell  tissue  organ  system  organism  population  community  ecosystem  biosphere Cells specialized for a function = TISSUES 4 types of tissues Epithelial = lining Connective = connect organs, tissues together Nervous tissue = conduct nerve impulses from one part of organism to another Muscular = movement

Epithelial Tissues Epithelial tissue Covers outside of body, all organs and all cavities Basement membrane attaches bottom epithelial to ECM May be cuboidal (box shaped) or columnar (column shaped) or squamous (flat) Simple epi = single layer of cells Stratified epi = multiple layers May secrete mucous (for protection), or other chemicals May have cilia May absorb chemicals

Connective tissue Connect/bind tissues/organs together Population of cells in extracellular matrix Matrix = fibers in ground substance Fibers = proteins = collagen = most abundant protein in animals elastin = long, resist stretching reticular = thin, branched collagen Some Cells = fibroblasts = form fibers macrophages = engulf pathogens adipose = store fat osteoblasts = form bone Blood cells = red, white, platelets Loose connective (adipose) OR dense (tendons, ligaments)

Nervous and Muscle tissue Nervous tissue consists of neurons and support cells Specialized to transmit impulses to communicate from one portion of body to another Muscle tissue = skeletal muscle = voluntary movement smooth muscle = involuntary movement cardiac muscle = heart only Actin and myosin (proteins) ‘slide’ across each other to cause contraction which causes movement

Bioenergentics = exchange of energy between an organism and its environment Heterotrophs obtain energy from food Food broken down by enzymatic hydrolysis Energy obtained via cellular respiration and glycolysis (ATP) Used to do work = 60% 40% energy lost to environment as heat Total amount of energy used / time = metabolic rate Energy measured in Calories (1 C = 1000 c) Measured by : temp change, O2 consumption All animals with range of metabolic rate from restingpeak activity = BMR = endotherm No stress, resting, empty stomach = SMR = ectotherm

Body plans and energy exchange Larger use less, smaller use more Posture effects energy used Ability to carry load of body requires work Energy/materials exchange with environment Small organisms exchange via diffusion directly with environment Larger organisms must Maintain internal environment with cells bathed in fluid Internal environment bathing cells of vertebrates = interstitial fluid Interstitial fluid homeostasis maintained by exchanging nutrients, gases, waste. etc. with blood Negative feedback Positive feedback