APUSH – April 27 Objectives: Due today: Homework: Agenda: To continue to review for the AP exam Due today: Nothing Homework: Study for the exam Agenda: FRQ Finish Time Political Parties and key eleections review

Review Instructions Read through the PowerPoint Note anything you need to review further When you are done, work through your notes and locate the information that you need to further review in your textbook.

Development of Political Parties and Key Elections Adapted by R. Horner from M. Ellington, N. Miller and J. Rozensweig

Phases of the Party System First Party System – late 1790s and early 1800s Parties not really legitimate institutions Factions Federalist / Republican (Hamilton / Jefferson) Second Party System – mid - 1800s Politics of the people (Jackson) Democrats / Whigs Third Party System – post war Republicans / Democrats Close elections and high electoral turnout Highly personal elections Ends with McKinley Fourth Party System – 1896 – 1932 Republican party dominance (28 of next 36 yrs) Decreasing voter participation and weakening political parties Rise of new issues: industrial regulation and labor issues Fifth Party System Started with FDR and the New Deal Period of Democratic dominance All periods, except the 5th, were about 40 years long.

Development after the Revolutionary War Continuity from the Revolutionary War Political Parties in the 1790s Essentials of a political party Issues that mattered Hamilton’s Policies Split over Foreign Affairs Alien and Sedition Acts Parties by 1800

First Two Party System Federalists V. Republicans 1780’s-1801 Federalists favored strong central government Republicans favored states’ rights In practice the generalization about the two parties were often blurred and sometimes contradicted

Second Two-Party System Democrats v. Whigs 1836-1850 Democrats were the party of tradition Whigs were the party of modernization

Mid-19th Century Political Crisis Disputes over slavery in the territories first erode, then destroy what had become America’s second 2 party system. The erosion began in the 1840s as various factions opposed the post Jackson Democratic political coalition begin to form. Liberty Party: Run abolitionist candidate Free Soil Party: Not abolitionist but opposed to the expansion of slavery in the territories Whigs: Split over slavery American Party: “Know Nothing” party Republican Party: Formed in 1854, a coalition of independent Dems, Free Soilers, and Conscious Whigs united in opposition to the Kansas- Nebraska Bill

The Election of 1860 Democrats: Split at 1860 convention when a platform defending slavery was defeated and Deep South walked out. Republicans: Overtly sectional and opposed to slavery. Platform favored homestead act, protective tariff, and transportation improvements.

Politics of the Gilded Age Crisis Republicans and Democrats: Party differences blur, loyalties determined by region, religious and ethnic differences. Populist party: Formed in 1891 by remnant of the Farmers’ Alliances

Progressive Era Politics 1900-1920 Covered 3 presidencies: TR (Repub). Taft (Repub) and Wilson (Dem)

The Republican Era 1921-1933 Both Presidency and Congress dominated by Republicans Presidents: Harding, Coolidge and Hoover

The Political Legacy of the New Deal Created a Democratic party Coalition that would dominate American Politics for many years 1933-1952 1948 The “Liberal” or Dem coalition split into two branches States’ Rights and Progressive Party

Post WW2 Politics Democrats and Republicans Dems: organized labor, urban voters and immigrants Republicans: Pro Business

Nixon’s New Federalism Democrats: by 1960’s deeply fragmented and seemingly incapable of dealing with the violence and turmoil, social and political, caused of Vietnam Republicans: Opposition to the War in Vietnam and to growing federal social programs “converts” southern Democrats to vote Republican in increasing numbers

Reagan and the “New Right” Democrats: Support environmental legislation, limiting economic development, halting the production of nuclear weapons and power plants Republicans: fueled by the “liberal” social agenda of the Dems and spurred on by the rise of a militant and well organized Evangelical Christianity most southern states begin voting Republican in considerable majorities.

Key Elections

Election of 1800 -"Revolution of 1800" -Sweep by Jeffersonian Republicans -Jefferson ties w/Burr Leads to passage of 12th Amendment -peaceful transfer of power -less long-term impact than anticipated

Election of 1824 -4 way presidential race (Adams, Jackson, Clay, Crawford) -decision in House of Reps. -Clay's "corrupt bargain" with J. Q. Adams -Ends "Era of Good Feelings"

Election of 1828 Jackson vs. J.Q. Adams -"mudslinging" -"Revolution of 1828" -power of the common man and the West

Election of 1860 4 way race (Lincoln, Douglas, Breckinridge, Bell) -severe regional allegiances -results lead directly to S.C. secession CIVIL WAR!

Election of 1876 -Hayes vs. Tilden -Disputed electoral votes in the South -"Compromise of 1877" --Hayes is President --Reconstruction ends

Election of 1896 McKinley vs. Bryan -"Cross of Gold" speech -Mark Hanna and the "Gold Bugs" -Beginning of 4th Party System

Election of 1912 -4 way race (Taft, Wilson, T. Roosevelt, and Debs) -"Bull Moose" Progressives split Republican vote -Wilson only Democratic Pres. in 4th Party System

Election of 1920 -Harding vs. Cox -Referendum on the League of Nations -"A Return to Normalcy"

Election of 1932 -FDR vs. Hoover -A "New Deal" for the "Forgotten Man" -"Happy Days Are Here Again" -"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself." -Beginnings of 5th Party System

Election of 1948 -4 way race (Truman, Dewey, Thurmond, and Wallace) -Dixiecrats and Wallace's Progressives divide Dem. Vote Dixiecrats: candidate Strom Thurmond To protect their way of life against an “oppressive federal government” -"DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN“ The beginnings of modern professional polling: a cautionary lesson

Election of 1960 -JFK vs. Nixon LBJ as vp choice to attract S “balancing the ticket” -Impact of television on the election -Southern electors defect 14 unpledged Democratic electors from Alabama & Mississippi vote for Harry Byrd First Catholic president Both houses of Congress are D “the New Frontier”

Election of 1968 -LBJ chooses not to run -RFK is assassinated -Riots at Chicago convention Anti-war protesters Presidential Commission report: “a police riot” HHH runs, saddled with war issue -Nixon wins (ushering in Republican dominance)

Election of 1980 -Reagan vs. Carter -Attack on "big government" -Rise of the "new conservatism" and the "religious right"

Elections of 1992 and 1994 -G.H.W. Bush vs. Clinton vs. Perot -"It's the economy, stupid" -Clinton misreads anti-incumbent election as Dem. triumph -'94 election, Republican Contract with America -Reps misread anti-incumbent election as conservative mandate