CRM 1204 CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT LECTURE 1: Introduction to Crew Resource Management Course

Lecturer Introduction Name: Zuliana Ismail Consultation Hour: Anytime E-mail: zuliana.ismail@gmail.com

Course Introduction Name: CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Course Code: CRM 1204 Credit Hour: 4 Timetable: Wednesday 3 pm-5.30 pm Class Duration: 2.5 hrs per week (35 hrs per sem)

Cont… Method of Evaluation: Attendance: 5% Test: 20% Assignment/Project: 15% Final Exam: 60%

Course Outline Please pay attention to: Learning Objectives Learning Outcomes Course Synopsis Course Syllabus These will guide you through the whole course Show and present the course outline to the student after this.

Any question regarding course outline???

How to be good learner?? Give 100% attention to the lecture Participate and active in class Ask question. Try answer the question. Study in the group. Teach your friend if you know better (don’t be stingy) Always see the lecturer to discuss any academic problem.

Reminder Know your goal and plan properly. Do revision/study before and after class time. Eager to do research. Put interest in the subject. Discipline (e.g. always be punctual!!). Always put academic as your priority. Keeping good mental and physical health. Spend some time for meditation (pray). Train to have strong imagination.

I’m here to assist you, but you are the one who will make a decision =)

Learning Outcomes By the end of this session, we should be able to: Realize the need of CRM training in aviation Understanding the basic concept of CRM Understanding the role of crew in CRM Understanding the concept of error chain List the elements in the CRM Identify the resource in CRM

WHY AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT HAPPENED?

Percent of Accidents with Known Causes

The Fact!!! In the 1970's investigators discovered that more than 70% of air crashes involve human error in a culture and work environment in the cockpit rather than failures of equipment or weather.

ACCIDENT CAUSES (HUMAN VS MECHANICAL) 8/16/98 ACCIDENT CAUSES (HUMAN VS MECHANICAL) HUMAN FACTORS CAUSES RELATIVE PROPORTION OF ACCIDENT CAUSES (HUMAN VS MECHANICAL) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ MECHANICAL CAUSES TIME (31 YEARS) 11/24/2009 Zuliana AMC FAA CORPORATE AVIATION SEMINAR

Before we proceed lets take a look to several major aircraft disasters….

United Airlines DC-8 Flight 173 December 28, 1978 The plane ran out of fuel and crashed, killing 10. CAUSES Loss of Situational Awareness Lack of Assertiveness Results of a relatively minor landing gear problem, a United Airlines DC-8 was in a holding pattern while awaiting landing at Portland, Oregon. Although the first officer knew the aircraft was low on fuel, he failed to express his concerns convincingly to the captain. The plane ran out of fuel and crashed, killing 10.

Tenerife airport disaster March 27th 1977 Pan-Am Boeing 747 and KLM Boeing 747 collide on the runway at Tenerife airport. (worst accident in history). 583 peoples killed. CAUSES Loss of Situational Awareness Poor communications Poor Decision Making Stress The KLM B747 Captain initiated a takeoff without permission while the Pan Am B747 aircraft was using the runway to taxi out for landing. Confusion over instructions and a blockage of radio transmissions contributed to the crash. With a total of 583 killed, this accident remains the deadliest accident in aviation history.

Mid-Air Collision November 12, 1996 Saudi Arabian airliner and a Kazakhstan plane collided in mid-air near New Delhi, India. 349 peoples onboard both aircraft died. CAUSES Poor Communication due to language barriers problem. The Kazakhstan pilot not sufficiently fluent in English and unable to understand an Indian controller giving instructions in English.

As a result of some major air disasters, the concept of cockpit resource management, now called Crew Resource Management (CRM), was born. The reason for the change from "cockpit" to "crew" resource management training was because the training eventually branched out to include not only the pilots but also flight attendants, mechanics, dispatchers, management personnel, or in fact anyone who had a responsibility for the safe completion of a flight.

Interpersonal Communications Decision Making Leadership Human Error NASA research on the human error causes of air transport accidents: Interpersonal Communications Decision Making Leadership

Crew Resource Management Today, with crew performance the most significant threat to aviation safety, the industry has responded with an ambitious program to support effective crew coordination and performance: Crew Resource Management training

CRM History Originated from a NASA workshop in 1979 that focused on improving air safety. The workshop on “Resource Management on the Flight Deck” and the study of flight crew performance in a B747 simulator started the process. Now, CRM training for crew has been introduced and developed by aviation organizations including major airlines and military aviation worldwide.

What is CRM? Management system (Non-Technical Knowledge) which makes optimum use of all available resources (equipment, people, and others) to promote safety and enhance the efficiency of flight operations

Resources of CRM People Pilots Cabin crews Air Traffic Control Passengers etc. Equipment Instruments in cockpit and cabin (Procedure) Others Checklist chart Operation manual etc. Resources of CRM

Situational Awareness Elements of CRM Communication Leadership Workload Management Decision Making Teamwork Situational Awareness Crew personality Crew Stress Crew Fatigue Elements of CRM

1. OPTIMIZE HUMAN PERFORMANCE Objectives of CRM 1. OPTIMIZE HUMAN PERFORMANCE 2. REDUCE HUMAN ERROR

Why CRM? CRM training can enhance the ability to prevent and manage flight crew errors, and in maintaining continuity in flight crew performance of duties

Who is the Aircrew/Flight crew ?? Aircrew are the personnel who operate an aircraft while in flight. The composition of the crew depends on the type of aircraft as well as the purpose of the flight Aircrew -Pilot in command (Captain) -Flight Officer (F/O) Flight Engineer (F/E) Flight Attendance (F/A) /Cabin Crew

Role of Crew Pilot Cabin Crew (Flight Attendance) Administration Schedule and monitor the operation and maintenance of aircraft Cabin Service Ensure passengers are comfortable Informing and guide the passengers of the aircraft safety procedures Making announcement on behalf pilot and answering passenger questions. Reassuring passengers and ensuring passengers follow all safety procedures Provide first aid to passenger if necessary. Pilot aircraft Make critical decision Determine airworthiness Plan the flight route, acquire and interpret current and forecast weather information. Determine amount of fuel necessary Operate aircraft communication and radios Aircraft Maintenance Inspect aircraft condition Schedule aircraft maintenance and make sure maintenance is done according to FAA regulation. Technical Assistance

Goal: Safety of the flight and passengers CRM Goal Pilot Flight Attendance Goal: Safety of the flight and passengers

The Error Chain In aviation “error chain” is a term referring to the concept that many contributing factors typically lead to an accident (mishap) Should any of the links be “broken,” then the mishap probably will not occur It is up to each crewmember to recognize a link and break the error chain.

The Error Chain For example, inadequate communications between crew members and other parties could lead to a loss of situational awareness, a breakdown in teamwork in the aircraft, and ultimately to a wrong decision or series of decisions which result in a serious incident or a fatal accident.

Now please take a look the good example when CRM is applied….

US Airways Flight 1549 January 15, 2009 Flight crew reported that the aircraft had struck a flock of birds, and that both engines had failed. Successfully ditched in the Hudson River. All 155 survive. This accident is the example of: Good teamwork: practicing by all air crew in handling the difficult situations. Good communication: among pilot, ATC & Ground crews to bring the aircraft to emergency landing and evacuation Good decision making: done by pilot to solve the problems.

Conclusion Commercial aviation in fact is one of the safest forms of transportation. . Anyone who is involved with the aircraft’s mission, anyone who is part of the crew, has his/her own role to play in CRM.

Continue… Aviation observer has projected that this industry focus on crew performance has the potential to double system safety. CRM training is the regulatory component of the United Nations that required for all 185 countries by ICAO. ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization

Aviation in itself is not inherently dangerous Aviation in itself is not inherently dangerous. But to an even greater degree than the sea, it is terribly unforgiving of any carelessness, incapacity or neglect.

Key Points Definition of CRM Objectives of CRM Resources in CRM Importance of CRM training Role and Goal of Crew in CRM Elements of CRM Error Chain

References Driskell, E. Adams, J. (1992). Crew resource management: an introductory handbook. Washington DC. (2006). CAA CAP 737 Crew Resource Management Training http://www.airdisaster.com Divide the group and assign each task

End of Presentation #1 Q/A session

Task Please do some research and find out the caused of these accidents and relate them with human error: United 727 at Salt Lake City: November 11, 1965 Crash during landing Eastern L-1011 in Florida: December 29, 1972 Crash during approach UAL Flight 173 near Portland: December 28, 1978 Crash during approach Saudi Arabian Airlines L1011 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: August 19, 1980 Crash during take-off Air Florida 737 in Washington, D.C. : January 13, 1982 Crash shortly after take-off Air Canada DC-9 at Cincinnati International Airport : June 2, 1983 Crash while cruising at 33000 feet Air Ontario Fokker 28 at Dryden : March 10, 1989 Crash American Airlines Flight 965 near Cali: December 20, 1995 Set the group of student and assign the tasks for each group.

Quote of the Day Man must rise above the Earth—to the top of the atmosphere and beyond—for only thus will he fully understand the world in which he lives. — Socrates