Native Americans Control the West By 1850, all Native Americans had been removed from East Texas. However, Native Americans in the west continued to resist westward expansion. Settlers in West Texas lived in fear of raids by Native Americans By 1866, troops were posted at several central and southwestern Texas towns to prevent Native American raids The army was unable to prevent raids for a time because: - Too few soldiers - Soldiers were untrained, inexperienced -Forts were built too far apart and too far west -Shortage of supplies Native Americans had the advantage in battle -Rifles took 60 seconds to reload…in this same time frame Native American warrior could ride 200 yards and fire 20 arrows!!

The Search for Peace Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek: 1867 – U.S. officials (Agents) and Native American Nations met in present- day Kansas to sign a peace treaty 1.Under these terms, Native Americans would live on reservations in Indian Territory (Present-day Oklahoma) 2. Government would provide food and supplies 3. US army was not allowed on reservations 4. Indians agreed to cease the raids on white settlements Many Agents were members of the Society or Friends, also known as Quakers. The Quakers did not believe in violence. Quakers, such as Lawrie Tatum, served as agents in Indian Territory and educated Native Americans in agriculture to allow them to earn a living in the Anglo world

Peace Policy Fails Many west Texas Native Americans felt they had been cheated out of land and began to protest the reservation movement Satanta, Kiowa chief, insisted West Texas belonged to Kiowas and Comanches, known as the Orator of the Plains -He claimed that his people and way of life could not survive the reservation way of life without the buffalo -Others like Apache chief Victorio, Kiowa chief Lone Wolf, and Comanche chiefs Wild Horse and Black Horse also resisted reservation life. Comanche chief Quanah Parker (Son of Cynthia Ann Parker) also refused -He spent 10 years trying to stop Anglo settlement spread Not all Native Americans resisted moving into reservations -Kiowa chiefs Kicking Bird and Striking Eagle and Comanche chief Horseback began to lead people into reservations

The Peace Policy Ends General William Sherman was sent to West Texas to investigate Indian raid issues Even though he was told these raids were exaggerated, he quickly believed the peaceful policies had failed A group of Kiowas attacked a wagon train traveling nearby Salt Creek. This became called the Warren Wagontrain Raid led by Kiowa leader Satanta resulted in deaths of several men. Satanta admitted to being involved to Quaker agent, Lawrie Tatum. Satanta, along with two other chiefs Big Tree and Satank (killed along the way to prison), were arrested, found guilt and sentenced to hang. Federal officals in Washington D.C. believed that killing the chiefs would start a major war, the two chiefs, Big Tree and Satanta were set free in the hope of peace. Satanta was accused of more raids and was sent to the state prison in Huntsville. The Warren Wagontrain Raid significance: -Changed the attitude of many military leaders, especially Sherman -Native Americans were now forced onto reservations

Mackenzie Leads the Early Texas Campaign During 1871 and 1872, army expeditions actively campaigned on the South Plains against the Native Americans Army expeditions were sent throughout Texas lead by 4 th Cavalry Regiment Commander Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie. Mackenzie’s regiment captured more than 100 Comanches near present-day Pampa By 1873, Comanche, Kickapoo, and Apache raids began to cease throughout Texas and Northern Mexico

Native American Depend on the Buffalo Buffalo Herds Are Slaughtered The culture of the nomadic Plains people depended greatly on the buffalo Every inch of the buffalo down to the manure was used for something to help in the Native American way of life Began by Charles Rath and brothers John and J. Wright Mooar, the buffalos began to be hunted for hide manufacturing. A law proposed by sympathetic Anglos was defeated with the help of General Philip Sheridan Sheridan claimed the buffalo hunters were whipping out the main surviving energy source for the plains people -Indians prepared for war

The Attack on Adobe Walls The Red River Campaign On June 1874, Quanah Parker led several hundred Native Americans from 5 nations in a attack on buffalo hunters’ camp -Early prototypes of the machine gun were used 28 buffalo hunters and 1 women withstood the attack Frustrated Comanches, Kiowas, Cheyenne, and others began to increase attacks. Raids spread to 5 states killing 190 Anglos in 2 months After the attacks, President Ulysses Grant order the U.S. army to handle Native American affairs Starting in late August 1874, 3000 troops (some Texas Rangers, led by Major John B. Jones) began attacking from 5 different directions. In first 17 months, the Frontier Battalion fought 21 total battles against the Native Americans

Palo Duro Canyon The most decisive battle of the Red River Campaign Colonel Mackenzie destroyed villages that cut vital survival supplies to plain Native Americans, including 1000 Horses! By early November 1874, Most of the Native Americans were making their way to the reservations. Last remaining Comanche band, Kwahadies led by Quanah Parker, surrendered at Fort Still in June Parker would go on to D.C. to help fight for Native American rights - However, there were still Kickapoo and Apache warriors who continued the struggle for a few more years in the border country along the Rio Grande.

Buffalo Soldiers End The Wars Native American raids continued along the Rio Grande Valley, Colonel Mackenzie and the fourth Cavalry returned to the Rio Grande Valley, sometimes helped by the Mexican army to help find the Native Americans By 1878, the Kickapoo were subdued. One band of Apaches, lead by Victorio fought battles in Mexico, Texas and New Mexico. The War against Victorio was placed in the hands of Colonel Benjamin H. Grierson and the African-American cavalry soldiers in the 9 th and 10 th cavalry units, who were referred to as “buffalo soldiers” - One of the members, Lt. Henry Ossian Flipper, was the first African American graduate of West Point The name “buffalo soldiers” was given to them by the Native Americans who greatly respected their combat skills Often were harassed and abused by Anglo settlers 19 Buffalo Soldiers received Medals of Honor awarded by the US Congress Mexican Soldiers trapped Victorio and his men in northern Mexico. In the battle that followed, Victorio was kill. Victorio’s defeat in 1880 marked the end of the Apache wars in Texas.

South Texas Renegades Renegades, or outlaws, began robbing and raiding towns and settlements along Rio Grande. Many were former deserters form the Civil War. Texas Rangers were sent to establish peace in Special Force unit commanded by Captain L.H. McNelly They were successful in reducing lawlessness BUT were accused of mistreating Mexican Americans. Citizens like Juan Cortina (hero amongst Mexican Americans) resisted law authorities

Time of Sadness for Native Americans A New Era Begins The growing population from the East was spilling onto the Great Plains Native Americans were placed into boarding schools, given Anglo clothing, hair was cut, and could only speak English By 1875, there were only 1,597 Comanches left Anglo settlers poured into the west after the Native American threat was no more Towns in the west and along the Great Plains began to grow Coleman Brady Sweetwater Abilene Fort Worth