Terms _____________________: “The process of collecting, synthesizing, and interpreting information to aid in decision-making” (Airasian, 1997, p. 3). ____________: all the information teachers gather as part of the assessment process ________________: the process of making decisions on the basis of measurements

Terms __________ assessments: measurements gathered incidentally –Listening to students’ comments and answers –Noticing puzzling looks ___________ assessments: the process of systematically gathering information –Tests and quizzes –Performance assessments

Traditional Assessments Multiple Choice: contains a ___________ (a question or incomplete statement) and ______________ (choices or alternatives) Should pose ______ question or problem for students to consider Should address likely ________________

Guidelines Present _______ clear problem in the stem Make all distracters ___________________ _______ correct answer positions Avoid _____________ wording in stem and correct answer Avoid phrasing correct choice in ________ technical terms than distracters

Guidelines Keep correct answer and distracters at ___________ length Avoid using _________ terms in distracters Keep stem and choices grammatically ______________ Avoid using ________ distracters with the same meaning

Guidelines Emphasize _________ wording (underline, italics, bold) Use “_______ of the above” and “_____ of the above” with care Items can be made to measure higher-order thinking by tying them to _________, _________, ___________, and the like.

Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is a function of the circulatory system? a)To support the vital organs of the body b)To circulate the blood throughout the body c)To transfer nerve impulses from the brain to the muscles d)To provide for the movement of the body’s large muscles

Multiple Choice 2.Of the following, the definition of population density is the number of people a)who live in your city or town. b)who voted in the last presidential election. c)per square mile in a country. d)in cities compared to small towns.

Multiple Choice 3.Of the following, the most significant cause of WWII was a)American aid to Great Britain. b)Italy’s conquering of Ethiopia. c)Japan’s war on China. d)the devastation of the German economy as a result of the Treaty of Versailles.

Multiple Choice 4.Which of the following is the best description of an insect? a)It always has one pair of antennae on its head. b)It has three body parts. c)None lives in water. d)It breathes through lungs.

Multiple Choice 5.The one of the following that is not a reptile is a a)alligator. b)lizard c)frog. d)turtle.

Multiple Choice 6.Which of the following illustrates a verb form used as a participle? a)Running is a good exercise. b)I saw a jumping frog contest on TV yesterday. c)Thinking is hard for many of us. d)All of the above.

True-False Measure __________________ outcomes Students have a ___________ chance of being correct Should be used ____________

Guidelines Write slightly more _________ than ______ statements Make each item ________ statement Avoid _________ that may allow students to answer correctly without fully understanding the content

True-False 1.Mammals are animals with four- chambered hearts that bear live young. 2.Most protists have only one cell. 3.Negative wording should never be used when writing multiple-choice items. 4.All spiders have exoskeletons.

Matching Is a _______________ of multiple- choice Most effective when the _____________ alternatives are used in a series of items

Guidelines Content is _________________________ Have ________ statements than possible alternatives Alternatives can be used _____________ or ____________ Alternatives and items should be on the _______________

Completion e.g., What is the capital of Canada? e.g., What is an opinion? Contains a question or incomplete statement that requires the student to ___________________ Can be _________________ to construct Overuse leads to ___________________ Should be used ____________________

Guidelines Use only _____ blank, and relate it to the main point of the statement. Use _____________ sentences followed by a question mark or period. Place the blanks to the _________ of the questions or statements. Keep blanks of the ____________ length. For number answers, indicate _________ ________________.

Essays Require students to provide ___________ written responses to questions Advantages –Idea organization and defense are ____________________________________ –Can ______________ influence student study Disadvantages –Scoring is ____________________________ –Scores are influenced by ________________

Guidelines Elicit higher-order thinking by using terms such as __________________________. Write a _________ for each item. Require all students to answer ____ items. Prepare _________________ in advance. Score all students’ answers to one item ______________ moving to the next item.

Guidelines Score all responses to an item ________ ____________, if possible. Keep student responses _____________, if possible. Use a _________ (a scoring tool that lists the criteria for grading)

Qualities of Assessments Reliability: describes the extent to which measurements are _________ across time Validity: describes the ________________ of the assessment

Relationships Reliable Yes No Valid Yes No