Wireless Solutions for Smart Grid deployments Alok Sharma, Aviat Networks

Agenda Introduction Microwave (PTP) Backhaul Smart Grid Communication Tiers & Design Goals Microwave (PTP) Backhaul Bridging Tier 1 and Tier 2 Communication Layers Tier 2 (PMP) Communication Layer Requirements & Technology Choice Tier 3 Communication Layer TV Whitespace Self Organizing Networks (SON) Managing network complexity Closing Remarks

Smart Grid Communication Tiers Fiber or Microwave/High Bandwidth HAN RF/Low Bandwidth RF/Med Bandwidth Source: Doug McGinnis, Exelon Business Services - UTC Telecom 2010

Communications – Design Goals Security Aligned with industry best practices (FIPS 140-2 compliant or certified) Converged Communications Converged communications infrastructure with logical isolation of services (tunneling) Interoperable Utilize industry standard open (IP) protocols Privately Owned Communications Enable governance and control over all aspects of the technology No Unanalyzed Single Points of Failure(Self Healing) No unanalyzed single points of failure Failure modes and backup schemes to form a “self healing” architecture Maintenance, Management & Monitoring Maintain, monitor and control network devices. Focus of the talk Source: Doug McGinnis, Exelon Business Services - UTC Telecom 2010

Microwave (PTP) Backhaul Bridging Tier 1 and Tier 2 Communication Layers

Smart Grid Places Demands on Legacy Microwave Systems Many new IP endpoints Support converged MPLS transport network Security (authentication, intrusion detection, encryption etc.) QoS Requirements: traffic under emergency situations New remote sites and coverage areas Overall capacity demands TDM-based Microwave Systems Need Upgrading for Smart Grid What are the options? Critical to put foundation in place to build smart grid upon

Landscape: Network Migration Plans and Today’s Microwave Systems All TDM Today Network migration path TDM IP Region of Effectiveness Region of Effectiveness TDM ONLY Radio Legacy systems Optimized for TDM Not designed for IP – poor packet efficiency IP ONLY Radios Built to carry IP Typically no native TDM (forces use of yet to be fully tested Pseudo wire) HYBRID Radio Native TDM, Native IP transport for effective migration to IP

Hybrid Microwave Radio HYBRID Microwave Radio Enables Seamless Migration from TDM to ALL-IP Future Hybrid simultaneously enables: TDM IP Emulated TDM over IP OR any combination of the three HYBRID Radio Flexible Bandwidth Allocation Native TDM Native IP TDM IP/Ethernet PWE Integrated Pseudowire HYBRID Microwave Radios combine traditional microwave requirements with new IP features – all in a single platform

Tier 2 (PMP) Communication Layer Requirements & Technology Choice

Tier 2 Communication Layer - Requirements Tier 2 communication layer is Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) network that bridges Field Area Network (FAN) to the backbone network. Key Requirements: Wireless (economics & ease of installation) IP based (Open Standards) Broadband (High Spectral Efficiency – OFDMA, MIMO, Beam Forming) Mobility/Portability (workforce automation) 2 leading technology choices WiMAX LTE (and 3G) Question: Which technology to select for Smart Grid?

Tier 2 Communication Layer – Technology Choice 3G & LTE Evolution LTE infrastructure includes legacy support for: GSM, GPRS, EDGE, EGPRS, IS95, CDMA 1xRTT, CDMA 1xEVDO, WCDMA, HSPA, HSPA+, IMS, LTE R8, R9, R10 Legacy support adds tremendously to LTE infrastructure & device complexity leading to significantly higher CapEx & OpEx WiMAX is purpose built for 4G Mobile Broadband and does NOT have any legacy issues. WiMAX infrastructure and devices have significantly lower CapEx & OpEx WiMAX is the recommended technology choice

Tier 3 Communication Layer TV Whitespace

What is TV Whitespace? White space Source: C. R. Stevenson, G. Chouinard, W. Caldwell:“Recommended Practice for the Installation and Deployment of IEEE 802.22 Systems,” IEEE802, San Diego, CA, 7/17/06

IEEE 802.22 – TV Whitespace Standard Sub-GHz frequency band with excellent propagation characteristics 100x reach of WiFi (30km vs. 300m) Ideal for AMI and Sensor data collection Simple & Predictable Single Hop Tier 3 layer vs. Complex and Unpredictable Mesh architectures (Source: IEEE) Technically, similar to WiMAX Interference mitigation via co-ordination with FCC database & spectrum sensing

TV Band White Spaces Very little channel overlap between neighboring metro areas Lots of white space in between licensed channels

TVWS Bandwidth Available Source: Free Press and New American Foundation 17

Self Organizing Networks (SON) Managing network complexity

Future Wireless Networks: New H-RAN Architecture MACRO: Solving initial coverage issue; Existing networks 10x Lower COST/Mb PICO: Solving street, home and enterprise coverage & capacity issues Results 10x CAPACITY Improvement Near 100% COVERAGE FEMTO: solving home and enterprise coverage & capacity issues Hierarchical RAN (H-RAN) = macro overlay + clusters of small cells

Lots of configuration parameters 3G and 4G technologies have more than 100 parameters each to be configured just for the RF: Some of them are vendor specific Some of them are project specific Pico/Femto cells bring completely new dynamics into the wireless network deployments

Adding new site to the 3G/4G network Activity Effort (MD – Man Days) New site verification 1 On site visit: site details verification 0.5 On site visit: RF survey New site RF plan 2 Neighbors, frequency, preamble/scrambling code plan Interference analyses on surrounding sites Capacity analyses Handover analyses Implementation on new node(s) Field measurements and verification Optimization Total activities 7.5 5M Pico base stations in 2015: 37.5M Man Days = ~103k Man Years Challenges: OpEx – 103k engineers@$100k = ~$11B + network planning tools + maps Skilled Engineers – where to get 103k skilled engineers? Networks Dynamics – add 5M base stations a year If nothing changes – additional OpEx of >$11B Source: ABI Research

SON Functionality AIR Adaptive Interference Reduction SON Solution Simplifies Operations by removing manual planning, deployment and operations AIR Adaptive Interference Reduction - Dynamic scanning algorithm - Dynamic segment/channel selection - Scanning support for ANR formation - Decision based on MS measured data NNI Node-to-Node Interface - Secure communication between cell sites & SON Server - Configuration predictions - Optimal route selection based on various parameters NCM Network Capacity Maximization - MIMO usage - Intelligent and Dynamic Automatic Neighbor cell list distribution - Enhanced Network Initiated Handover - Fractional Frequency Reuse pHO Pico Handover - time critical decisions on SON Agent - data intensive statistics , predictions on the SON Server - intra-Pico and Macro-Pico Handovers

Example 1: Congestion avoidance In wireless access total available link budget/capacity changes dynamically: Link quality of the existing MS changes New MS joins the Base station Total possible throughput depends on the link quality->modulation used by each and every MS Two parameters are constantly monitored: Air interface utilization Uair Relative committed traffic rate Rrel

Example 1: Congestion avoidance (cont.) All the parameters are constantly monitored When utilization crosses the trigger line one of the following actions is executed: Neighbor lists of the neighbors are changed Network initiated HO is initiated

Example 2: Power savings - GreenSON Utilizing mobile station behavior statistics, Base stations can be dynamically reconfigured (time of day, day of week) to reduce the total network power consumption

Closing Remarks

Security: What is important? Source: WSJ, NY Times, eWeek Stuxnet virus defeated all the typical defenses (digital certificates, firewall signature analysis …) defined by IEEE, 3GPP & FIPS specifications and deployed across current networks. As electric grid becomes an extension of internet through Smart Grid initiatives, grid infrastructure security will become a paramount issue. For further information, please read “Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It” by Richard Clarke & Robert Knake.

Thank You!