A NEW INDUSTRIAL AGE The 2 nd Industrial Revolution

THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY

After Civil War, advances in technology began to change the nation b/c of these advances… Large supply of natural resources Large supply of natural resources Explosion of inventions Explosion of inventions Growing city population that wanted the new products. Growing city population that wanted the new products.

What were some of these natural resources?

OIL…. Very important natural resource 1840, Canadian geologist discovered that kerosene could be used to light lamps. Kerosene produced from oil Increased Americans’ demand for oil.

Edwin L. Drake 1859, Edwin L. Drake used a steam engine to drill for oil. 1859, Edwin L. Drake used a steam engine to drill for oil. This helped start an oil boom. This helped start an oil boom. Drake never benefited Drake never benefited He died a pauper. He died a pauper.

GASOLINE Also produced by oil. Also produced by oil. Thrown away at first. But when the automobile became popular, gasoline was in great demand. Thrown away at first. But when the automobile became popular, gasoline was in great demand.

COAL & IRON 1887, Large amounts of IRON discovered in Minnesota 1887, Large amounts of IRON discovered in Minnesota Also, COAL production increased from 33 mill. tons in 1870 to over 250 mill. tons in Also, COAL production increased from 33 mill. tons in 1870 to over 250 mill. tons in 1900.

BESSEMER PROCESS Turns iron to STEEL. Removes carbon from iron. Steel lighter, more flexible & doesn’t rust like iron. Process invented by Henry Bessemer

USES OF STEEL : Railroads for tracks Railroads for tracks Improve farm tools like plow & reaper Improve farm tools like plow & reaper Cans for preserving food. Cans for preserving food. Bridges like Brooklyn Bridge Bridges like Brooklyn Bridge Skyscrapers Skyscrapers

Chef Hector Boiardi at 16 arrived at Ellis Island in 1914 at 16 arrived at Ellis Island in 1914 Patrons asked for samples and recipes of his spaghetti sauce, which he would often give to the customers in old milk bottles. Catered the reception of President Woodrow Wilson’s marriage took his money and invested in steel mills, which then helped produce goods needed for Korean War

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Site of many Steel mills along the rivers. Site of many Steel mills along the rivers.

INVENTIONS Here are some of the inventions of the late 1800’s that changed how people lived & worked…..

ELECTRICITY 1876, Thomas Alva Edison perfected an early light bulb. 1876, Thomas Alva Edison perfected an early light bulb. He then worked to establish power plants to generate electricity. He then worked to establish power plants to generate electricity.

What about this?

“Old Sparky”

Edison v. Westinghouse Edison = DC Edison = DC Westinghouse – AC Westinghouse – AC Edison negative campaigns against Westinghouse Edison negative campaigns against Westinghouse

BAD ELEPHANT KILLED. Topsy Meets Quick and Painless Death at Coney Island. Die Topsy Die

Invention of Electricity changed America... Ran machines like fans & printing presses. Ran machines like fans & printing presses. Soon became available in homes. Soon became available in homes. Led to invention of appliances. Led to invention of appliances. Cities built electric streetcars which made travel cheaper & easier. Cities built electric streetcars which made travel cheaper & easier.

TYPEWRITER Invented by Christopher Sholes in Invented by Christopher Sholes in Led to dramatic changes in the workplace. Led to dramatic changes in the workplace.

TELEPHONE Invented by Alexander Graham Bell & Thomas Watson in Invented by Alexander Graham Bell & Thomas Watson in 1876.

Phonographs, Bicycles, & Cameras

How did the wave of inventions during the late 1800’s change some Americans’ lives?

More Women began to work in offices…… By 1910, women made up about 40% of office work force

Work that had been done at home- like sewing clothes- was now done in FACTORIES.

Unfortunately, many factory employees worked long hours in unhealthy conditions.

LEISURE TIME Invention of machines allowed employees to work faster…..this led to a shorter work week. Invention of machines allowed employees to work faster…..this led to a shorter work week.

THE AGE OF RAILROADS

TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD 1869, work completed on first TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD. 1869, work completed on first TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD. This railroad crossed the entire continent. This railroad crossed the entire continent.

Building & Running Railroads: Very difficult & dangerous work. Very difficult & dangerous work. Most work done by Chinese & Irish immigrants & desperate out-of-work Civil War Vets. Most work done by Chinese & Irish immigrants & desperate out-of-work Civil War Vets.

Accidents & diseases affected thousands of railroad builders each year. By 1888, over 2,000 workers had died. 20,000 had been injured.

TIME ZONES: Railroad schedules hard to keep b/c each community set its won times Railroad schedules hard to keep b/c each community set its won times 1870, earth divided into 24 time zones. 1870, earth divided into 24 time zones. U.S. contained 4 time zones. U.S. contained 4 time zones. Everyone living in a particular zone would follow the same time. Everyone living in a particular zone would follow the same time.

World Time Zones

RAILROADS MADE TRAVEL EASIER, INDUSTRY GROWTH,AND COMMUNITIES TO GROW & PROSPER…

Railroads led to creation of new towns… 1880, George M. Pullman built factory outside Chicago. 1880, George M. Pullman built factory outside Chicago. There, workers made the sleeping cars he invented for trains. There, workers made the sleeping cars he invented for trains.

Pullman built a large town to house the workers he needed. He created quality housing for his workers. But he tried to control many aspects of their lives…Eventually, the workers rebelled.

Railroad industry offered people chance to become rich. Also attracted many corrupt individuals. Also attracted many corrupt individuals. Credit-Mobilier scandal of (This was an illegal manipulation of construction contracts) Credit-Mobilier scandal of (This was an illegal manipulation of construction contracts)

FARMERS VS. RAILROADS why?

Farmers claimed that railroads sold government land grants to businesses rather than to families. Farmers claimed that railroads sold government land grants to businesses rather than to families. They also accuse railroad industry of setting high shipping prices to keep farmers in debt. They also accuse railroad industry of setting high shipping prices to keep farmers in debt.

Many railroad companies failed due to economic depression of 1893 Result: 7 companies owned most of the nation’s railways.

BIG BUSINESS & LABOR

ANDREW CARNEGIE Scottish immigrant who became a giant in the steel industry Scottish immigrant who became a giant in the steel industry Carnegie’s birthplace below. Carnegie’s birthplace below.

VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION: Through VERTICAL INTEGRATION he bought companies that supplied his raw materials like iron and coal, & railroads needed to transport the steel. Through VERTICAL INTEGRATION he bought companies that supplied his raw materials like iron and coal, & railroads needed to transport the steel. He used HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION by buying out or merging w/other steel companies. He used HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION by buying out or merging w/other steel companies.

Carnegie’s success helped popularize theory of …

What is Social Darwinism? Theory, based on ideas of biologist Charles Darwin. Said that “natural selection” enabled the best suited people to survive & succeed

Most entrepreneurs tried to control competition by forming a MONOPOLY

What is a monopoly? A business where there is only 1 seller, but many buyers. A business where there is only 1 seller, but many buyers.

Why is this a bad thing? There is no choice There is no choice No choice means the seller sets the price No choice means the seller sets the price He can make the price anything He can make the price anything The people have to pay if they want it The people have to pay if they want it Smaller businesses die Smaller businesses die

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER Used Standard Oil trust to almost completely control the oil industry. Used Standard Oil trust to almost completely control the oil industry.

SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT 1890 Made it illegal to form a TRUST. Made it illegal to form a TRUST. TRUST = MON0P0LY TRUST = MON0P0LY Still works today Still works today Wilson – Clayton Anti-Trust Act? Wilson – Clayton Anti-Trust Act?

Workers respond by forming LABOR UNIONS: Many workers worked long hours under dangerous conditions for low wages. Many workers worked long hours under dangerous conditions for low wages. Women, children, & workers in sweatshops worked under esp. harsh conditions. Women, children, & workers in sweatshops worked under esp. harsh conditions.

Several Labor Unions: NATIONAL LABOR UNION (NLU)- Persuaded Congress to legalize an 8 hour day for government workers. NATIONAL LABOR UNION (NLU)- Persuaded Congress to legalize an 8 hour day for government workers. KNIGHTS OF LABOR – Failed after series of strikes failed. KNIGHTS OF LABOR – Failed after series of strikes failed.

UNION MOVEMENTS DIVERGE…. STRIKES TURN VIOLENT!!!

One major type of union was CRAFT UNIONS.. Samuel Gompers- Formed the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in Samuel Gompers- Formed the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in Gompers used strikes & collective bargaining. Gompers used strikes & collective bargaining.

EUGENE DEBS formed an industrial union…a union for all workers. American Railway Union (ARU) American Railway Union (ARU) Debs & other workers turned to socialism. Debs & other workers turned to socialism.

IWW or WOBBLIES Union formed in 1905 by radicals & socialists Union formed in 1905 by radicals & socialists

STRIKES Why do workers go on strike? Workers go on strike for different reasons: Why do workers go on strike? Workers go on strike for different reasons: to get improvements where they work to get improvements where they work for more money for more money for shorter working days for shorter working days to stop their wages going down to stop their wages going down because they think their company has been unfair because they think their company has been unfair

Look for the union label when you are buying that coat, dress or blouse. Remember somewhere our union's sewing, our wages going to feed the kids, and run the house. We work hard, but who's complaining? Thanks to the I.L.G. we're paying our way! So always look for the union label, it says we're able to make it in the U.S.A Look for the Union Label

Unions used strikes to improve conditions 1877, workers for Baltimore & Ohio railroad went on strike. 1877, workers for Baltimore & Ohio railroad went on strike. Strike broken up when railroad president persuaded President Rutherford B. Hayes to bring in federal troops to end strike. Strike broken up when railroad president persuaded President Rutherford B. Hayes to bring in federal troops to end strike.

HAYMARKET AFFAIR 1886, bomb exploded at demonstration in Chicago’s Haymarket Square in support of striking workers 1886, bomb exploded at demonstration in Chicago’s Haymarket Square in support of striking workers Several killed Several killed Labor leaders charged w/inciting a riot. 4 were hanged. 1 Committed suicide in jail. Labor leaders charged w/inciting a riot. 4 were hanged. 1 Committed suicide in jail.

HAYMARKET AFFAIR

HOMESTEAD, PENNSYLVANIA 1892, steel workers & Pinkerton guards fought a battle near Pittsburgh. Deaths on both sides. 1892, steel workers & Pinkerton guards fought a battle near Pittsburgh. Deaths on both sides.

1894, Eugene Debs led strike against the Pullman Company Strike turned violent when fed. Troops called out to break the strike.

MARY HARRIS (MOTHER) JONES Organizer for the United Mine Workers. Unions’ struggle for better conditions hurt by government intervening on side of management.

Despite pressures of government action, unions continued to grow

Ooops almost forgot: December 17, 1903? December 17, 1903?

Kitty Hawk, NC

COMING NEXT….. IMMIGRANTS & URBANIZATION