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Chapter 1 Speaking with Confidence Art director: Maria Lange; Cover illustrator: Greg Betza This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: • any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network • preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images • any rental, lease, or lending of the program

There are two kinds of speakers: those that are nervous and those that are liars. - Mark Twain Magnus Zeller (1888-1972). The Orator, circa 1920. Museum Associates/LACMA/Art Resource, NY

Learning Objectives This chapter will help you to: LO 1 - Compare and contrast public speaking and conversation. LO 2 - Explain the importance of studying public speaking. LO 3 - Explain multiple models that illustrate how communication occurs. LO 4 - Discuss briefly the history of public speaking. LO 5 - Explore techniques to become a more confident speaker.

What Is Public Speaking? LO 1 Is more prepared than conversation. Is more formal than conversation. Has more clearly defined roles for speaker and audience than conversation. Photo: val lawless/Shutterstock

Why Study Public Speaking? LO 2 Empowerment Better able to achieve desired goals. Gives an edge over less skilled communicators. Skill in speaking communicates leadership. Enhances your critical thinking skills. Photo: AP Images

Why Study Public Speaking? LO 2 Employment Employers want skilled speakers Better able to adapt message to listeners. Better able to organize your ideas. Better able to persuade others. Better able to hold others’ attention.

The Communication Process LO 3 Communication Is a Process Interactive Model - Earliest model Communication is transferring meaning from source to receiver. Source: Copyrighted by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Communication Process LO 3 Linear Model (cont.) Components: Source - encodes message. Message - what is said and how it is said. Channel - how message is transmitted. Receiver - decodes message. Noise - interferes with message.

The Communication Process LO 3 Communication Is a Process (cont.) Interactive Model Scholars realized linear model was simplistic. Added elements - feedback and context. Feedback - as message is sent, feedback to sender is provided to receiver. Context - the communication occurs within a context or environment/situation.

The Communication Process LO 3 Interactive Model (cont.) Source: Copyrighted by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Communication Process LO 3 Communication As a Transaction Transaction Model - Most recent model Communication happens as a simultaneous process. Sender is also receiving messages and ... Receiver is also sending messages. Source: Copyrighted by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Communication Process LO 3 Public Speakers Should focus on message and ... Should focus on how audience is responding to message. Models of Communication Various models developed in recent years. Elements have long been recognized.

Rich Heritage of Public Speaking LO 4 The Golden Age of Public Speaking Fourth century b.c.e. called the “Golden Age of Rhetoric.” Philosopher Aristotle formulated guidelines for public speaking. These guidelines for public speaking still used today.

Rich Heritage of Public Speaking LO 4 Roman Orators Continued Tradition Cicero and Quintilian built on Aristotle’s teachings. Defined qualities of what they considered true orators. Middle Ages Clergy were the main public speakers. Majority of people were not literate.

Rich Heritage of Public Speaking LO 4 The Age of Political Oratory The 19th century - Art of Declamation and Elocution. Declamation - the delivery of an already famous address. Elocution - the expression of emotion through posture, movement, gesture, facial expression, and voice. Public speaking played role in abolition and suffrage movements.

Rich Heritage of Public Speaking LO 4 The Technological Age of Public Speaking The 20th century - Radio and then television make significant impact. The 21st century - New era of speechmaking uses rapidly changing technology and media. Speakers of the Future Speakers will continue to draw on rich heritage. Unchanging truth – public speaking will still focus on audience.

Improving Your Confidence LO 5 Understand Your Nervousness Biology affects your psychology. Can you control biological reaction? Yes. Understanding of biological reaction is the start of confidence and serenity. Psychology also affects your biology. Your perception of the speaking assignment interacts biologically, creating anxiety. Your body responds in various ways to anxiety.

Improving Your Confidence LO 5 Apprehension Follows Predictable Patterns Four styles of communication apprehension Average - general positive approach, heart rate in average range. Insensitive - most likely had previous experience, less sensitive to apprehension, lower heart rate. Inflexible - highest heart rate. Some use to motivate, for others the tension diminishes ability. Confrontational - very high heart rate at beginning, then tapers off.

Improving Your Confidence LO 5 You will feel more nervous than you look. You are not alone, most experience nervousness. Use your anxiety in a positive manner. It is normal to feel nervous. Photo: Cultura Limited/SuperStock

Improving Your Confidence LO 5 Ten Steps to Build Your Confidence: Know your audience. Do not procrastinate. Select an appropriate topic. Prepare. Be organized. Know introduction and conclusion. Make practice real. Breathe. Channel nervous energy. Visualize success.

Improving Your Confidence LO 5 Six Steps to Confidently Connecting With Your Audience: Begin with the end in mind. Give yourself a mental pep talk. Focus on message - not fear. Look for positive support. Seek speaking opportunities. Focus on what you have accomplished - not on fear.

Chapter 1 End of the Lesson