Industrial Revolution

Begins with Agricultural Revolution Simple tools Three field system Small families Mostly rural

Domestic System

Workers set own hours Women could earn money while caring for children, gardens, etc. Provided income during hard times Farmers helped in the Coal Mining industry by pulling coal with wagons Children could help—lace making Workers could tend to chores Woolen production in home—later leather and lace

As the English gentry rose to political dominance after 1685, they used their strength in parliament to push through Enclosure Acts, shutting the peasantry out from access to common lands.

Enclosed Lands

Scientific Agriculture

Charles Townshend 1730 Crop Rotation

Robert Bakewell late 18th Century Scientific Breeding

Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill 1701

George Washington Carver A Few Other Uses of Peanut Products Hulls, or pods, can be used as fuel or in kitty litter. Kernels not used in foods, can be crushed to obtain peanut oil. Peanut oil can be used in soaps. Peanuts have been used as an effective and attractive landscape ground-cover. Peanuts skins have been used to make beverages. Late 19th century

Other Scientific Applications

Effects of Agricultural Revolution Production increased Large farms dominate Fewer farmers Less laborious Big Business

Industrial Revolution Roots in the Renaissance and Commercial Revolution

Why England? Population Markets Natural Resources Government

Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

Textiles

John Kay Flying Shuttle 1733

James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny-1764

Richard Arkwright Water Frame 1769

Samuel Crompton Spinning Mule 1779

Edmund Cartwright Power Loom 1785

Eli Whitney 1793 Cotton Gin

Whitney’s Interchangeable Parts

English entrepreneurs established their factories at the beginning of the nineteenth century, not in the traditional population centers such as London, but out of town, close to water power and coal fields and with easy access to markets. Industrial England Early 19th Century

Factory System Water power not enough Division of Labor Standardization Assembly Line Workers

Working Day is now ruled by the clock Schedules were similar to those in the prisons Early workers came from poorhouses and orphanages

Steam Age Newcomen’s Steam Engine 1705 Watt’s Steam Engine 1769

Young Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

Richard Trevithick Steam Powered Carriage-1801

Robert Fulton Steam Paddle Ship 1807

George Stephenson Steam Locomotive 1814

Advantages of Railroads Cheaper Faster Greater hauling capacity

Crystal Palace

Steel Henry Bessemer Mid 1800’s

Samuel Slater

Modern Capitalism Laissez-faire Free Enterprise

Communication Samuel Morse 1830’s Telegraph Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph 1895 Alexander Graham Bell Telephone 1876

Electricity Farraday 1831

Thomas Edison Incandescent Bulb and Phonograph 1890’s

Industrialization in Europe By the middle of the nineteenth century industrialization had spread across Europe, aided by the development of railroad links that brought resources to the new factories and transported their finished goods to world markets.

Energy and Engines Gottlieb-Daimler-late 1800’s Rudolf Diesel Zeppelin Wright Brothers