Technology, Robber Barons and immigrants, OH MY!

Review: Pacific Railway Act Morrill Land-Grant Act Homestead Act 1862 Exodusters Sand Creek 1864 Red Cloud War’s Battle of the Little Big Horn Ghost Dance Battle of Wounded Knee Assimilation Dawes Act

The Master of Invention! Thomas Edison Thomas Edison Light Bulb Light Bulb Phonograph Phonograph Motion Picture Motion Picture 1093 patents 1093 patents

Edison's Lab Edison's Lab Edison's Lab Edison's Lab

Advances in communications Telegraph- Telegraph- Perfected the telegraph Perfected the telegraph Morse Code Morse Code Western Union (1870) Western Union (1870) ,000 miles of wire 63 million messages ,000 miles of wire 63 million messages

Advances in technology Telephone Telephone Alexander Graham Bell (Scottish immigrant) Alexander Graham Bell (Scottish immigrant) Earliest line only connected two lines Created switchboards Earliest line only connected two lines Created switchboards million telephones in use million telephones in use

Transcontinental Railroad At first, no standard rail gauge, short lines, no signals, costly delays At first, no standard rail gauge, short lines, no signals, costly delays Expanded after Civil War Expanded after Civil War Transcontinental Railroad started in 1862 funded by government grants. (Central Pacific and Union Pacific) Transcontinental Railroad started in 1862 funded by government grants. (Central Pacific and Union Pacific)

Most workers were immigrants Most workers were immigrants Two lines met in in Utah on May10,1869 (Promontory Summit) Two lines met in in Utah on May10,1869 (Promontory Summit) Drive the golden spike Drive the golden spike Dirty, noisy but continued to expanded and develop Dirty, noisy but continued to expanded and develop Developed schedules and standard time Developed schedules and standard time

Impact of the Rails Faster and more practical transportation Faster and more practical transportation Lower costs of production Lower costs of production Creation of a nation market Creation of a nation market Model for big business Model for big business Stimulation of other industries Stimulation of other industries

The Haves Robber Barons/Captains of Industry

Robber Baron Robber baron - term revived in the 19th century as a reference to businessmen and bankers who dominated their industries and amassed huge personal fortunes, by pursuing various anti-competitive or unfair business practices. Robber baron - term revived in the 19th century as a reference to businessmen and bankers who dominated their industries and amassed huge personal fortunes, by pursuing various anti-competitive or unfair business practices.

Captains of Industry Captains of Industry- Term originally used in the U.S. during the Industrial Revolution describing a business leader whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributes positively to the country in some way. Captains of Industry- Term originally used in the U.S. during the Industrial Revolution describing a business leader whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributes positively to the country in some way.

Why is this Era so important? Changed from a society based on agriculture to a society based on industry Changed from a society based on agriculture to a society based on industry

Captains of Industry vs Robber Baron J.P. Morgan J.P. Morgan Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller

J.P. Morgan ( April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913 ) John Pierpont Morgan John Pierpont Morgan financier, banker, philanthropist, and art collector financier, banker, philanthropist, and art collector Dominated corporate finance Dominated corporate finance Arranged merger to form General Electric. Arranged merger to form General Electric. Financed the creation of the Federal Steel Company he merged several other steel and iron businesses to form the United States Steel Corporation Financed the creation of the Federal Steel Company he merged several other steel and iron businesses to form the United States Steel Corporation By 1901, he was one of the wealthiest men in the world By 1901, he was one of the wealthiest men in the world

Andrew Carnegie ( November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919 ) Widely respected philanthropist, and the founder of the Carnegie Steel Company which later became U.S. Steel. Widely respected philanthropist, and the founder of the Carnegie Steel Company which later became U.S. Steel. Built one of the most powerful corporations in United States history Built one of the most powerful corporations in United States history Gave away most of his riches to build libraries, schools, and universities and worldwide Gave away most of his riches to build libraries, schools, and universities and worldwide

John Rockefeller, Sr. ( July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937 ) American industrialist and philanthropist. American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the oil industry Revolutionized the oil industry Believed his purpose in life was to make as much money as possible, and then use it wisely to improve the lot of mankind. Believed his purpose in life was to make as much money as possible, and then use it wisely to improve the lot of mankind. Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil He became the world's richest man and first billionaire. He became the world's richest man and first billionaire. Standard Oil was convicted in the Federal Court of monopolistic practices and broken up in Standard Oil was convicted in the Federal Court of monopolistic practices and broken up in 1911.

The Box Scores The Box Scores Year Newspaper Carnegie Rockefeller Year Newspaper Carnegie Rockefeller 1904 The Times of London $21 M $10 M 1904 The Times of London $21 M $10 M 1910 The New York American $179 M $134 M 1910 The New York American $179 M $134 M 1913 The New York Herald $332 M $175 M 1913 The New York Herald $332 M $175 M

Sherman Anti-trust Act Was the first United States federal government action to limit monopolies, and is the oldest of all U.S. antitrust laws Was the first United States federal government action to limit monopolies, and is the oldest of all U.S. antitrust laws

The have-nots Immigration/labor

Immigration Came to the US in steamships, often in steerage Came to the US in steamships, often in steerage 10 million between million between German, Irish, British German, Irish, British 10 Million between 1890 – Million between 1890 – 1920 Italians, Greeks, Slavs Italians, Greeks, Slavs

Immigration 70% came through NYC- Ellis Island 70% came through NYC- Ellis Island

Had to pass physical exams Had to pass physical exams Could be quarantined (TB) Could be quarantined (TB) Literacy exams Literacy exams

Immigrants Chinese Exclusion Act- Chinese labor used to build rail but Act prevented entry to establish residence in US Chinese Exclusion Act- Chinese labor used to build rail but Act prevented entry to establish residence in US Nativism- favoring native born Americans over immigrants Nativism- favoring native born Americans over immigrants

Child Labor As young as six years old worked up to 19 hours a day, with a one-hour total break. As young as six years old worked up to 19 hours a day, with a one-hour total break. Horrible conditions. Large, heavy, and dangerous equipment was very common for children to be using Horrible conditions. Large, heavy, and dangerous equipment was very common for children to be using Children were paid only a fraction of what an adult Children were paid only a fraction of what an adult Orphans were the ones subject to this slave-like labor. Orphans were the ones subject to this slave-like labor.

Reformers Reformers – built Settlement Houses ( Hull house – Jane Adams ) Reformers – built Settlement Houses ( Hull house – Jane Adams ) Reporters/Photographers- wrote books like The Jungle which exposed the meat industry and published photos Reporters/Photographers- wrote books like The Jungle which exposed the meat industry and published photos Social reformers- preached temperance, staying away from vice Social reformers- preached temperance, staying away from vice

Tenements – low cost housing built to hold as many people as possible Tenements – low cost housing built to hold as many people as possible Turned area into slums Turned area into slums