Unit 5: States of Consciousness

Unit 05 - Overview Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis Sleep Patterns and Sleep Theories Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Disorders, and Dreams Psychoactive Drugs Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Module 22: Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis

Defining Consciousness

Defining Consciousness States of consciousness Sleep Wake Altered states

Defining Consciousness

Defining Consciousness

Defining Consciousness

Defining Consciousness

Defining Consciousness

Defining Consciousness

Defining Consciousness

Hypnosis

Hypnosis Hypnosis Hypnotic induction Hypnosis as an altered state?

Hypnosis Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis Can Anyone Experience Hypnosis? Postural sway Susceptibility Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of Forgotten Events? Can Hypnosis Force People to Act Against Their Will?

Hypnosis Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis Can Hypnosis Be Therapeutic? Hypnotherapists Posthypnotic suggestion Can Hypnosis Alleviate Pain?

“Good hypnotic subjects” Social influence theory Hypnosis Explaining the Hypnotized State: Hypnosis as a Social Phenomenon “Good hypnotic subjects” Social influence theory

Unified account of hypnosis Hypnosis Explaining the Hypnotized State: Hypnosis as Divided Consciousness Hilgard Dissociation Unified account of hypnosis

Hypnosis Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis

Hypnosis Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis

Hypnosis Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis

Hypnosis Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis

Module 23: Sleep Patterns and Sleep Theories

Biological Rhythms and Sleep

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Circadian Rhythm 24 hour cycle Temperature changes Circadian rhythm and age

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages 90 minute cycles REM Sleep versus NonREM Sleep

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages Measuring Sleeps Activity Eye Movements Muscle Tension EEG Patterns Beta Waves Alpha Waves Delta Waves

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages Parts of sleep Waking Beta Waves Waking Alpha Waves NonREM Sleep REM Sleep

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages Parts of sleep NonREM Sleep NREM-1 Hallucinations Hypnagogic sensations NREM-2 Sleep Spindles NREM-3 Delta waves

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages Parts of sleep REM Sleep EEG Patterns Paradoxical Sleep REM Rebound

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages: What Affects Our Sleep Patterns? Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) melatonin

Sleep Theories

Sleep Theories Sleep theories Sleep protects Sleeps helps recuperation Memory storage Sleep and creative thinking Sleep and growth

Module 24: Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Disorders, and Dreams

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss US Navy and NIH studies Age and sleep loss Chronic sleep loss Springs and fall time changes

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

Sleep disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss: Major Sleep Disorders Sleep disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy

Sleep disorders Sleep apnea Night terrors Sleepwalking/ sleep talking Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss: Major Sleep Disorders Sleep disorders Sleep apnea Night terrors Sleepwalking/ sleep talking

Dreams

Dreams What We Dream Dreams Manifest content Latent content

To satisfy our own wishes To file away memories Dreams Why We Dream To satisfy our own wishes To file away memories To develop/preserve neural pathways To make sense of neural static To reflect cognitive development REM rebound

Dreams Why We Dream

Module 25: Psychoactive Drugs

Tolerance and Addiction

Tolerance and Addiction Substance Use Disorder Psychoactive Drugs Tolerance Addiction Withdrawal

Types of Psychoactive Drugs

Types of Psychoactive Drugs Three types of psychoactive drugs Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens

Types of Psychoactive Drugs Depressants Alcohol Barbiturates (tranquilizers) Opiates

Types of Psychoactive Drugs Depressants: Alcohol Disinhibition Slowed neural processing Memory disruption Reduced self-awareness and self-control Expectancy effects

Types of Psychoactive Drugs Depressants: Barbiturates and Opiates Barbiturate (tranquilizers) Opiates Endorphins

Types of Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants Caffeine Nicotine Amphetamines Cocaine - crack Methamphetamine Ecstasy (MDMA)

Types of Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants: Nicotine Usage Tolerance

Types of Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine Neurotransmitters Crack

Types of Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine

Types of Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine

Types of Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine

Types of Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine

Types of Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants: Methamphetamine Dopamine Effects and Aftereffects

Types of Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants: Ecstasy (MDMA) MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) Dopamine and Serotonin “Club Drug”

Types of Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens Hallucinogens (psychedelics) LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) Acid Near death experience Marijuana THC

The End

Definition Slides

Consciousness = an awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Hypnosis = a social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person’s (the hypnotist’s) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

Posthypnotic Suggestion = a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.

Dissociation = a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.

Circadian Rhythm = the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

REM Sleep = rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep state during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

Alpha Waves = the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

Sleep = periodic, natural loss of consciousness – as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

Hallucinations = false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

Delta Waves = the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

NREM Sleep = non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) = a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness.

Insomnia = recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

Narcolepsy = a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

Sleep Apnea = a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

Night Terrors = a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

Dream = a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

Manifest Content = according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).

Latent Content = according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).

REM Rebound = the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).

Substance Use Disorder = continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.

Psychoactive Drug = a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.

Tolerance = the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.

Addiction = compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences.

Withdrawal = the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior.

Depressants = drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

Alcohol Use Disorder = (popularly known as alcoholism). Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.

Barbiturates = drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.

Opiates = opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

Stimulants = drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

Amphetamines = drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

Nicotine = a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco.

Cocaine = a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria.

Methamphetamine = a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

Ecstasy (MDMA) = a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

Hallucinogens = psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

LSD = a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).

Near-Death Experience = an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as by cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.

THC = the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.