ESSENTIALS OF GOOD EMERGENCY PRACTICE

International spread of diseases Historically, diseases have spread across international borders due to the movement of animals and animal products Historically, diseases have spread across international borders due to the movement of animals and animal products

Global consideration of animal diseases Diseases with a fast spread potential Diseases with a fast spread potential Diseases with serious socioeconomic and health consequences Diseases with serious socioeconomic and health consequences Diseases important for international trade Diseases important for international trade Emerging and new emerging diseases Emerging and new emerging diseases

Examples.... FMD in Taiwan, 1997, culling of 8 mil. swine (25 bln. US $) FMD in Taiwan, 1997, culling of 8 mil. swine (25 bln. US $) CSF in Netherlands, culling of 4 mil. swine CSF in Netherlands, culling of 4 mil. swine FMD in UK, 2001, culling of 6 mil. animals FMD in UK, 2001, culling of 6 mil. animals BSE: Trojan cows BSE: Trojan cows ND in USA ND in USA HPAI in Netherlands 2003, culling of 28 mil. of birds HPAI in Netherlands 2003, culling of 28 mil. of birds HPAI in Asia, 2004, culling 120 mil. poultry HPAI in Asia, 2004, culling 120 mil. poultry

Rinderpest FMD ASF Screwworm FMD BSE ?

Economic consequences of animal diseases Death, decreased production and treatment costs Death, decreased production and treatment costs Human disease costs Human disease costs Food safety and environmental costs Food safety and environmental costs Decresased food supply with higher prize Decresased food supply with higher prize Adoption of less productive and more costly system do decrease disease risk Adoption of less productive and more costly system do decrease disease risk Constraints on national and international trade due to zoosanitary restrictions Constraints on national and international trade due to zoosanitary restrictions Indirect costs to turism and other related activities Indirect costs to turism and other related activities

Consequences: in conclusion Social and political impact can outgrow the technical and scientific considerations Social and political impact can outgrow the technical and scientific considerations Need for effective risk communication in order to minimize/have objective approach in concern related animal diseases Need for effective risk communication in order to minimize/have objective approach in concern related animal diseases E.g. BSE, is causing serious concern even if so far less than death 200 cases was noted in the world E.g. BSE, is causing serious concern even if so far less than death 200 cases was noted in the world In the other hand, SARS epidemics have caused 8096 cases, of which 774 with lethal consequences (WHO, 2004) In the other hand, SARS epidemics have caused 8096 cases, of which 774 with lethal consequences (WHO, 2004)

Global disease surveillance and monitoring OIE – International animal health organization OIE – International animal health organization FAO – UN Food and Agriculture Organization FAO – UN Food and Agriculture Organization WHO – World Health Organization WHO – World Health Organization

1920 Rinderpest from India to Belgium Animals originating from India in transit towards Brazil Animals originating from India in transit towards Brazil Outbreaks of Rinderpest in Europe Outbreaks of Rinderpest in Europe Large scale spread of the disease Large scale spread of the disease Cause of concern of the International Community Cause of concern of the International Community

The need for international animal health regulations and standards The need for international animal health regulations and standards The need for sound national animal health programs The need for sound national animal health programs

World Animal Health Organization (OIE) Rinderpest outbreak in Belgium 1920 has identified the need to establish international body in charge for regulation of animal and animal byproducts trade Rinderpest outbreak in Belgium 1920 has identified the need to establish international body in charge for regulation of animal and animal byproducts trade 1924 establishing of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) 1924 establishing of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) 28 countries 28 countries

Food and Agriculture Organization Emergency Prevention System – Livestock (EMPRES – Livestock program) Emergency Prevention System – Livestock (EMPRES – Livestock program) Rinderpest, CBPP, FMD, ND, African swine Fever,... Rinderpest, CBPP, FMD, ND, African swine Fever,... Goals: Goals: Early warning Early warning Early response Early response Research Research Collaboration Collaboration

World Health Organization Global Public Health Intelligence Network Global Public Health Intelligence Network Diseases which influence human health and zoonotic diseases Diseases which influence human health and zoonotic diseases

WTO and OIE 1994 Final Act of GATT’s Uruguay Round 1994 Final Act of GATT’s Uruguay Round World Trade Organization, January 1995 World Trade Organization, January 1995 Agreement on application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures Agreement on application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures OIE responsibility to draft international animal health standards OIE responsibility to draft international animal health standards

SPS Agreement Basic principles Basic principles SPS measures should be: scientifically based scientifically based the least restrictive as long as they achieve the desired level of protection the least restrictive as long as they achieve the desired level of protection non discriminatory non discriminatory consistent consistent SPS measures should not be used as unjustifiable barriers to trade SPS measures should not be used as unjustifiable barriers to trade

Key concepts of SPS Regionalization Regionalization Risk analysis Risk analysis Harmonization Harmonization Equivalence Equivalence Transparency Transparency

SPS Agreement Food safetyAnimal health Plant health

Basic questions that have to be resolved by the national veterinary service Prioritization: Which are the most important diseases? Prioritization: Which are the most important diseases? Decision making: Which strategies have to be adopted in control or eradication of certain disease? Decision making: Which strategies have to be adopted in control or eradication of certain disease? Disease control implementation: How to achieve optimal implementation of approved interventions? Disease control implementation: How to achieve optimal implementation of approved interventions?

Purpose of manual Focused on Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) Focused on Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) May be helpful in preparing for food safety, zoonotic and even non infectious diseases emergencies May be helpful in preparing for food safety, zoonotic and even non infectious diseases emergencies EMPP should provide the key to identifying and prioritizing diseases threats EMPP should provide the key to identifying and prioritizing diseases threats

Cycle of good emergency management practice and disease control: FAO approach PREVENT DETECTRESPOND RECOVER

Preparation Establish a national disasase emergency planning committee Establish a national disasase emergency planning committee Determine command structure and responsibilities Determine command structure and responsibilities Ensure that required legal powers are in place Ensure that required legal powers are in place Ensure that source of financing have been identified Ensure that source of financing have been identified Establish compensation policy Establish compensation policy

Establish sourcing for any required vaccines and other critical supplies Establish sourcing for any required vaccines and other critical supplies Undertake risk analysis to identify and prioritize potential disease risks Undertake risk analysis to identify and prioritize potential disease risks Prepare, practise and refine contigency plans and operational manual Prepare, practise and refine contigency plans and operational manual

The Required Elements Of Preparedness Planning An Emergency preparedness plan (what to do before outbrake) An Emergency preparedness plan (what to do before outbrake) A response or “contigency plan”(what will be done after outbrake) A response or “contigency plan”(what will be done after outbrake) An operations manual or manuals (comprehensive set of instruction – SOPs) An operations manual or manuals (comprehensive set of instruction – SOPs) A recovery plan (plan for safe recovery or restoration of normal activities) A recovery plan (plan for safe recovery or restoration of normal activities)

Comparing the required plans and documents Preparedness: a state of readiness, preparation for an event Preparedness: a state of readiness, preparation for an event Contigency: An unusual and unpredictable event; something liable but not certain, to occur Contigency: An unusual and unpredictable event; something liable but not certain, to occur

Prepare Includes both planning and practising Includes both planning and practising Responsibilities Responsibilities Command structures: gold, silver and bronze Command structures: gold, silver and bronze

National monitoring, surveillance and response Responsibility of the national veterinary service is to protect and improve: Responsibility of the national veterinary service is to protect and improve: health health welfare welfare quality quality marketing for animals and products marketing for animals and products These goals are to be achieved trough prevention, control and / or elimination of animal diseases and promoting of health and productivity. These goals are to be achieved trough prevention, control and / or elimination of animal diseases and promoting of health and productivity.

Organization and management Organization and management Legislation Legislation Resources Resources Trainnings and knowledge Trainnings and knowledge Infrastructure (laboratories) Infrastructure (laboratories) Motivation Motivation

Global risk of animal diseases is increasing Global risk of animal diseases is increasing Epidemic diseases (FMD, CSF,..) Epidemic diseases (FMD, CSF,..) Zoonotic diseases (BSE, E coli O157 H7, West Nile virus, HPAI,..) Zoonotic diseases (BSE, E coli O157 H7, West Nile virus, HPAI,..) A huge advance was made in scientific understanding and improvement of health standards in production, however, some of the latest epidemics have caused serious economic and public health consequences A huge advance was made in scientific understanding and improvement of health standards in production, however, some of the latest epidemics have caused serious economic and public health consequences Establishing of the partnership between producers, veterinarians, national institutions and international organizations with the aim of disease control and prevention of disease spread Establishing of the partnership between producers, veterinarians, national institutions and international organizations with the aim of disease control and prevention of disease spread Conclusions

Trade globalization, growth of world population, intensive production, importance of wildlife animals, environmental changes,... Trade globalization, growth of world population, intensive production, importance of wildlife animals, environmental changes,... Rapid reactions in developed countries (masive depopulation) in order to preserve health status Rapid reactions in developed countries (masive depopulation) in order to preserve health status Lack of resources in countries in development and undeveloped countries Lack of resources in countries in development and undeveloped countries