Reproduction

Humans Sexual Reproduction  Involves _____ parents  Increases genetic _________

REVIEW Gametogenesis is the formation of male and female ________________.  Female = ____________  Male = ______________ Occurs by the process of __________  Reduces chromosome # by ___________

Male Reproductive System

Testes  Male gonads  Makes sperm  Contained in scrotum

Male Reproductive System Vas Deferens  Carries sperm from testes to urethra  When this tube is cut, it is called a vasectomy

Male Reproductive System Prostate Gland  Secretes a fluid that nourishes sperm and produces semen  Seminal Vesicle makes fluid that contains proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C and other chemicals.

Male Reproductive System Penis  Deposits sperm into female reproductive tract

Female Reproductive System

Ovaries  Female gonads  Make eggs (contained in follicles)  Once a woman stops making viable eggs, she is no longer fertile and has gone through menopause Fun Fact: A girl is born with about 400,000 immature ova already formed in the ovaries. Only about 400 will mature into eggs in her lifetime.

Female Reproductive System Fallopian Tubes/Oviduct  Egg is pulled into oviduct by cilia  Site of fertilization

Female Reproductive System Uterus (womb)  Muscular organ where fertilized egg implants and develops  Cervix is opening to uterus It dilates during birth

Female Reproductive System Vagina  Passageway for sperm  Birth canal

Female Reproductive System Menstrual Cycle  Begins between ages of  A mature egg is released from follicle in ovary every days

Female Reproductive System Menstrual Cycle (continued)  4 Stages 1. Follicle Stage  Egg matures in ovary 2.Ovulation  Follicle bursts & egg is released 3. Corpus Luteum Stage  Hormones cause progesterone to be made, which stimulates thickening of uterine wall 4. Menstruation  Shedding of uterine wall (if fertilized egg is not present)

Fertilization Egg and Sperm meet in oviduct Zygote is formed Zygote undergoes mitosis (cleavage) and becomes embryo

Development 1. Zygote 7. Blastula 11. Gastrula

Gastrula Ectoderm-Skin and Nervous System Mesoderm-Muscles and Heart Endoderm-Digestive Tract and Respiratory System

Development Twins  Identical Twins: 1 egg and 1 sperm Fertilized egg splits  Fraternal Twins: 2 eggs and 2 sperm

Development Once the zygote travels to the uterus, it implants itself in the uterine wall. The placenta provides an exchange of materials between the mother and embryo.  Placenta is connected to embryo by umbilical cord

Development

External Fertilization/Development In fish, external fertilization and development

Internal Fertilization/External Development Frogs and Birds

Chicken Egg Anatomy

Developing Chicken Embryo

Asexual Reproduction Mitosis produces exact copies Involves 1 “parent”

Types of Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission Budding Sporulation Regeneration Parthenogenisis Vegetative Propogation

Binary Fission

Budding

Sporulation

Regeneration

Parthenogenesis Certain organisms can reproduce without fertilization  Ex. Bees, worms, snails, etc.

Vegetative Propagation Plants (aka vegetables) can reproduce new offspring without fertilization  Runners  Bulbs  Tubers  Cuttings  Grafting

Runners Stems grow out of the existing stems

Bulbs Bulbous root is underground and stores food and sprouts a new plant

Tubers Underground root that has stored starch which is used to feed new growths

Cuttings and Grafting Cuttings and graftings are “artificial”  Cuttings use a part of the root, stem or leaf to re-grow a new plant.  Graftings take a cutting from one plant and attaches it to a different plant

Cuttings

Grafting