Integrating Concepts in Biology PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 25: Homeostasis of Ecological Systems Section 25.1: Is nutrient cycling a mechanism of homeostasis.

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Integrating Concepts in Biology PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 25: Homeostasis of Ecological Systems Section 25.1: Is nutrient cycling a mechanism of homeostasis for ecological systems? 25.2 How does energy flow through food webs? 25.3 Do ecological systems filter wastes like individual organisms do? 25.4 How does increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide disrupt ecological systems? by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, and Chris Paradise

Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are connected through nutrient cycles and energy flows Figure UN25.1

Biomass of minnows in two experiments on Tuesday Lake Table 25.1 year 1 wet massyear 2 wet mass no fish00 low fish32.5 (2)46.7 (3) medium fish66.2 (4)-- high fish113.9 (7)97.7 (6)

Total phosphorus in the water column for Tuesday Lake, total particulate P in year 1, particulate P in seston and particulate P as zooplankton Figure 25.1

Movement of phosphorus relative to the water column for enclosure experiment Figure 25.2

Simplified schematic of the phosphorus cycle Figure 25.3

Discharge, runoff, and concentrations and watershed losses for total nitrogen and phosphorus from a tropical forested watershed Figure 25.4

Annual particulate matter output of organic and inorganic materials from watersheds after clearcut Figure 25.5

Mean annual export of various elements in organic and inorganic particulate matter, and net dissolved concentration in undisturbed and clearcut watersheds Figure 25.6

Extent of the Mississippi River basin and Gulf of Mexico dead zone Figure ELSI 25.1

Energy flow in a partial food web of a rocky intertidal zone Figure 25.7

Energy flow in a food web of a rocky intertidal zone off the northern Gulf of California coast Figure 25.8

Percentages of prey consumed and calories in diet by predators in a rocky intertidal zone Table 25.2 a. PreyHeliasterMuricanthusA. tuberculata Hexaplex Muricanthus<0.01 / 4 Acanthina tuberculata<0.01 / 11 / 6 Hexaplex<0.01 / 4 Morula1 / 2<0.01 / 2 2 / 2 Cantharus 3 / 9 Acanthina angelica 1 / 657 / 74 Columbellidae3 / 63 / 4 6 / 7 bivalves31 / 3536 / 2114 / 477 / 53 herbivorous snails8 / 3024 / 4828 / 2216 / 37 barnacles51 / 931 / 3 chitons1 / 3 brachiopod5 / 4 b. PreyMorulaCantharusA. angelica barnacles100 / 100

Species present in presence or absence of Pisaster Table 25.3 species present in plots (# possible) Pisaster present Pisaster excluded notes on exclusion plot bivalve (1)11dominant species acorn barnacles (3)33 barnacles being crowded out limpets (2)20 Mitella (1)11 exist in scattered clumps chitons (2)20 algae (4)41 anemone (1)11 much reduced in density sponge (1)11 much reduced in density

Frequency distribution of predator-prey interaction strengths from a marine food web Figure 25.9

Examples of two-link food chains Figure 25.10

Percentages of metals in soils from New Caledonia rich in nickel and from plant latex Table 25.4 metal% in soil% dry mass in plant latex iron chromium magnesium nickel cobalt calcium potassium

Nickel concentrations in Sebertia acuminata compared with values for other plant species Table 25.5 speciestissueconc. of nickellocality Sebertia acuminatalatex leaves bark fruits New Caledonia Hybanthus floribundusleaves bark fruits flowers Western Australia Alyssum bertoloniileaves0.80Italy 3 Homalium speciesleaves New Caledonia 2 other Hybanthus speciesleaves New Caledonia Psychotria douarreileaves bark fruits flowers New Caledonia

Arsenic in brake fern Figure 25.11

The FACE experimental site at the Duke University Forest Figure 25.12

Characteristics of the four FACE experiments Table 25.6 CharacteristicNC FACEWI FACETN FACEIT FACE mean annual precipitation (mm) mean annual temperature ( o C) growing season (days) dominant vegetation loblolly pine aspen, maple, birch Sweetgumpoplar

Responses of NPP and APAR to elevated [CO2] in FACE experiments Figure 25.13

Fraction of the gain in NPP caused by a gain in APAR plotted against peak seasonal LAI Figure 25.14

Mean annual temperature anomaly from ’06 compared to the 1951-’80 average Figure 25.15

Changes in forest cover over years in boreal Canadian forests Figure 25.16

Mean NDVI and ΔNDVI profiles, where all transects for each region have been pooled Figure 25.17

Results of regression analysis of changes in phenological events over a 60 year time span Table 25.7 Response# of eventsrange of slopes statistically significant decrease to statistically significant increase decrease that was close to statistical significance to increase that was close to statistical significance to no significant increase or decrease to 0.142

Regressions of occurrence of springtime biological events vs. year Figure 25.18

Regressions of the ordinal day of year of ice melt against year and mean March temperature Figure 25.19

Results of experiment to test effect of transplantation on epiphyte mats Figure 25.20

Effects of transplantation of epiphyte mats from high to mid and low elevation sites Figure 25.21

Moisture input to and moisture content of epiphyte mats Figure 25.22

Results of greenhouse experiment on seed banks in epiphyte mats Table 25.8 variableprunedunpruned seedling abundance/mat* total number of species*3725 % terrestrial species*

Anomalies for mean summer temperatures for Charlotte, NC Figure ELSI 25.2