ROME: REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE “VENI, VIDI, VICI” - JULIUS CEASER “…REMEMBER, ROMAN, TO RULE THE PEOPLE UNDER THE LAW, TO ESTABLISH THE WAY OF PEACE, TO BATTLE.

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ROME: REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE “VENI, VIDI, VICI” - JULIUS CEASER “…REMEMBER, ROMAN, TO RULE THE PEOPLE UNDER THE LAW, TO ESTABLISH THE WAY OF PEACE, TO BATTLE DOWN THE HAUGHTY, TO SPARE THE MEEK. OUR FINE ARTS, THESE FOREVER” -VIRGIL

INFLUENCES ETRUSCANSGREEKS Urban planning Chariot Racing Toga Bronze/Gold Crafting Arch Sarcophagi (decorated coffins) Pantheon – with different names Linguistic/Literary principles Greek Classical Style (art) - copied

EARLY REPUBLIC 509 BCE Latins overthrow Etruscans – beginning of Roman Empire Slowly form a government “of the people” (res publica) through a series of documents that formed a living constitution

500 – 200 BCE -Struggle of Orders: Patricians vs. Plebeians Class determined by law (not tradition or custom) 494BCE Plebeians threaten to leave Rome – Win: right to elect two representatives (tribunes) who has absolute veto power (except military/dictator actions), could not be called to account for their actions, could not be harmed Other rights won: – Lex Canuleia: Right to inter-marry – Licinian-Sextian laws: one counsel per year must be a plebeian, Praetor – serve as assistant consul, law restricting how much land one person could have – Lex Hortensia: Decision of the Assembly of Tribes binding on the whole state without action by any other body

Roman Imperialism Assimilation and Compromise Punic Wars (Rome vs. Carthage) – First War – uprising in Sicily – Second War – Hannibal seeks revenge – Third War – Rome seeks revenge How did Rome’s drive to expand led to the downfall of the empire?

What were the causes of the “Roman Revolution”? Roman Revolution Senatorial Class = growing in number/wealth wanted to maintain their power (consolidate power) Urban Masses = separated from land and citizenship, giving political rights and allegiance away for $$$ Army = disgusted by both Senatorial class and urban masses

Roman Revolution Constant succession of Civil War from BCE Threefold Problem Class Struggles (redux) – Optimates vs. Populares The Tale of the Gracchus Brothers an example of political life during the time period – Tiberius and Gaius – Who were the Gracchus brothers? How did they try to fix the problems facing Rome?

Path to Political Leadership Senate vs. the masses (fear of masses vs. resentment of privilege) Appear as a solider/Hero Create a personal army, march on Rome, Restore peace and prosperity

Why did the Republic fall? Which do you think was more influential in the fall of the Roman Republic – Rome’s aggressive imperial policy, or the social inequity created between the landowners and peasants?

Julius Caesar Held a variety of offices in the Roman Government (including Consul but was above all else a Roman general) 60 BCE - First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, Caesar Gaul 49 BCE crosses the Rubicon Dictator for Life (killed a month later: March 15, 44 BCE – Ides of March) Explain how it was Julius Caesar who set in motion the fall of the Republic.

Second Triumvirate & the Rise of Octavian Marc Antony (east), Octavian(west), Lepidus(Sicily/North Africa) Octavian – alliance with senate to remove Lepidus pitting Antony and himself against each other for a battle for the Empire Antony and Cleopatra vs. Octavian Battle of Actium (31 BC) – Augustus Caesar Roman Empire Begins

Augustus Caesar (Octavian) Ruled Empire of 45 years (death 14 AD Senate handpicked by Augustus (800 senators Oath of Allegiance to Augustus as Emperor Granted Authority of Tribune (veto power, deal directly with people) Consolidated powers under him (consul, tribune, chief priest, public censor) Princeps (first citizen among equals)

Problems and Solutions addressed by Augustus ProblemsSolutions -Northern Frontiers under attack: civil wars = weakening of frontiers -Army too large and unmanageable: “State within a state” -Issues confronting Urban population and small farmers -Issues with promoting confidence with senatorial class (gaining/keeping support) -Frontiers consolidated -Army: reduced in size, stationed in providences, paid soldiers who served 20 years (securing loyalty to Roman state); removed from Rome -Praetorian Guard: elite corps of 9000; stationed in Rome; from Italy; received higher pay; personal bodyguard -Made senatorial class feel like they still had power (entrusted them) -Stabilized economy – Med. Basin self-sufficient

Greeks vs. Romans How does the author differentiate between the values and worldview of the Greeks and Romans? Based on what you have learned so far to you agree or disagree with this argument?

Reasons for the Fall of Rome What were the strengths and greatest achievements of the Romans Empire? What were the weaknesses? Why did Rome fall? (DBQ)