NETWORK MANAGEMENT Course Supervisor MUHAMMAD KHALID KHAN

Do you really want good marks? Invest at-least 200 hours on this course. Any thing less may result in some thing that most probably you would not LIKE. 120 hours for the course-work and 80 hours for the project.

Course Material Books: Network Management, Principles and Practices By Mani Sobramanian Reference Books: Network Management, A Practical Perspective By Allan Leinwend and Karen Fang SNMP, SNMPv2 and CMIP, The Practical Guide to Network Management Standards By William Stallings

Marks Distribution Hourly:30 (n-1) Sessional:30 –Project:15 –Quizzes:10 –Assignment:5 Final:40 ANY QUESTION

Telephone Network Characteristics: – Reliable - does what is expected of it – Dependable - always there when you need it. (remember 911?) – Good quality (connection) - hearing each other well Reasons: – Good planning, design, and implementation – Good operation and management of network

Telephone Network Model

Notice the hierarchy of switches Primary and secondary routes programmed Automatic routing Where is the most likely failure? Use of Operations Systems to ensure QoS Telephone Network

Monitor telephone network parameters – S/N ratio, transmission loss, call blockage, etc. Real-time management of network Trunk (logical entity between switches) maintenance system measures loss and S/N. Trunks not meeting QoS are removed before customer notices poor quality Traffic measurement systems measure call blockage. Additional switch planned to keep the call blockage below acceptable level Operations systems are distributed at central offices Network management done centrally from Network Operations Center (NOC) Operations Systems / NOC

Data and Telecommunication Network

Computer data is carried over long distance by telephone (telecommunication network) Output of telephone is analog and output of computers is digital Modem is used to “modulate” and “demodulate” computer data to analog format and back Clear distinction between the two networks is getting fuzzier with modern multimedia networks Data and Telecommunication Network

IBM SNA Architecture

IBM System Network Architecture (SNA) is a major step in network architecture SNA is based on multitude of (dumb) terminals accessing a mainframe host at a remote location IBM SNA Architecture

DCE with LAN DCE.. Distributed Computing Environment

Driving technologies for DCE: – Desktop processor – LAN – LAN - WAN network DCE with LAN

LAN-WAN network

Major impacts of DCE: – No more monopolistic service provider – No centralized IT controller – Hosts doing specialized function – Client/Server architecture formed the core of DCE network

Client/Server Model Post-office analogy; clerk the server, and the customer the client Client always initiates requests Server always responds Notice that control is handed over to the receiving entity.

Client/Server Examples

TCP/IP Based Networks TCP/IP is a suite of protocols Internet is based on TCP/IP IP is Internet protocol at the network layer level TCP is connection-oriented transport protocol and ensures end-to-end connection UDP is connectionless transport protocol and provides datagram service Internet and much of the network mgmt. messages are based on UDP/IP ICMP component (used in ping) of TCP/IP suite

Architecture, Protocols and Standards Communication architecture – Modeling of communication systems, comprising functional components and operations interfaces between them Communication protocols – Operational procedures intra- and inter-modules Communication standards – Agreement between manufacturers on protocols of communication equipment on physical characteristics and operational procedures

Communication Architecture

Inter-layer interface: user and service provider Peer-layer protocol interface Analogy of hearing-impaired student Role of intermediate systems Gateway: Router with protocol conversion as gateway to an autonomous network or subnet

OSI Reference Model

PDU Communication Model

Network Management Network management is the process of controlling a complex data network to maximize its efficiency and productivity The overall goal of network management is to help with the complexity of a data network and to ensure that data can go across it with maximum efficiency and transparency to the users

Network Management and it’s Functional Grouping NetworkNetworkNetwork ProvisioningOperationMaintenance PlanningFault ManagementNetwork Installation DesignConfiguration ManagementNetwork Repairs Performance ManagementNetwork Test Security ManagementTrouble-shooting Accounting Management

Typical Network Management System

Network Management Objectives At first glance and without starting a complex research, as network end-users, it is obvious that we expect fast, secure and reliable connections, as network manager we would like to easily configure and control network access and resources, and as corporate manager we expect a low usage cost. Controlling Corporate strategic assets: Networks and distributed computing resources are increasingly vital resources for most organizations. Without effective control, these resources do not provide the pay-back that corporate management requires.

Network Management Objectives Controlling complexity: The continued growth in the number of network components, end users, interfaces, protocols, and vendors threatens management with loss of control over what is connected to the network and how network resources are used. Improving services: End users expect the same or improved service as the information and computing resources of the organization grow and distribute.

Network Management Objectives Balancing various needs: The information and computing resources of an organization must provide a spectrum of end users with various applications at given levels of support, with specific requirements in the areas of performance, availability, and security. The network manager must assign and control resources to balance these various needs. Reducing down-time: As the network resources of an organization become more important, minimum availability requirement approach 100 percent. In addition to proper redundant design, network management has an indispensable role to play in ensuring high availability of its resources. Controlling costs: Resource utilization must be monitored and controlled to enable essential end-user needs to be satisfied with reasonable cost.

Network Management The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Network Management Forum divided network management into five functional areas: –Fault Management –Configuration Management –Security Management –Performance Management –Accounting Management

Fault Management Is the process of locating problems, or faults, on the data network It involves the following steps: –Discover the problem –Isolate the problem –Fix the problem (if possible)

Configuration Management The configuration of certain network devices controls the behavior of the data network Configuration management is the process of finding and setting up (configuring) these critical devices

Security Management Is the process of controlling access to information on the data network Provides a way to monitor access points and records information on a periodic basis Provides audit trails and sounds alarms for security breaches

Performance Management Involves measuring the performance of the network hardware, software, and media Examples of measured activities are: –Overall throughput –Percentage utilization –Error rates –Response time

Accounting Management Involves tracking individual’s utilization and grouping of network resources to ensure that users have sufficient resources Involves granting or removing permission for access to the network

Network Management Protocols A simple protocol defines common data formats and parameters and allows for easy retrieval of information A complex protocol adds some change capability and security An advanced protocol remotely executes network management tasks

Network Management Protocols So where is technology today? –The most common protocols are: SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) SNMPv2 (SNMP version 2) CMIS/CMIP (Common Management Information Services/Common Management Information Protocol) RMON (Remote Monitoring)

Network Management Protocols SNMP is beyond the simple protocol with adequate monitoring capabilities and some change capabilities SNMPv2 greatly enhances the SNMP feature set CMIP approaches the advanced tool, but implementation issues have limited its use

Network Management Protocols These protocols do not state how to accomplish the goals of network management They give methods to monitor and configure network devices The challenge to analyze the information in an effective manner rests with software engineers who write network management applications

Network Management Platform Historically, network management revolved around multiple systems, each managing one specific set of components on the data network Restrictions of money, physical space, and technical expertise led to the desire to have the components managed by a single system that would show their interconnections on a network map

Network Management Platform A network management platform is a software package that provides the basic functionality of network management for different network components The goal for the platform is to provide generic functionality for managing a variety of network devices

Network Management Platform Basic features for any platform to include are: –Graphical User Interface (GUI) –Network Map –Database Management System (DBMS) –Standard Method to Query Devices –Customizable Menu System –Event Log

Network Management Platform Additional features for a platform include: –Graphing Tools –Application Programming Interface (API) –System Security

Network Management Platform Management Platforms that exist today –Sun’s SunNet Manager –HP’s OpenView –IBM’s Netview for AIX –Cabletron’s Spectrum

Network Management Architectures The Network Management Platform can use various architectures to provide functionality The 3 most common are: –Centralized –Hierarchical –Distributed

Centralized Architecture The Network Management Platform resides on a single computer system For full redundancy, the computer system is backed up by another system Can allow access and forward events to other consoles on network

Centralized Architecture

Pros: –Single location to view events & alerts –Single place to access network management applications and information –Security is easier to maintain

Centralized Architecture Cons: –Single system is not redundant or fault tolerant –As network elements are added, may be difficult or expensive to scale system to handle load –Having to query all devices from a single location

Hierarchical Architecture Uses multiple computer systems –One system acting as the central server –Other systems working as clients Central server requires backups for redundancy

Hierarchical Architecture

Key features: –Not dependent on a single system –Distribution of network management tasks –Network monitoring distributed throughout network –Centralized information storage

Hierarchical Architecture Pros: –Multiple systems to manage the network Cons: –Information gathering is more difficult and time consuming –The list of managed devices managed by each client needs to be predetermined and manually configured

Distributed Architecture Combines the centralized and hierarchical architectures Uses multiple peer network management systems –Each peer can have a complete database –Each peer can perform various tasks and report back to a central system

Distributed Architecture

Contains advantages from central & hierarchical architectures –Single location for all network information, alerts & events –Single location to access all management applications –Not dependent on a single system –Distribution of network management tasks –Distribution of network monitoring throughout the network

Other Topics Sniffers RMON Network Statistics