Ki Hyuk Sung, MD Amount of correction after calcaneal lengthening for planovalgus foot deformity in patients with cerebral palsy Seoul National University Bundang Hospital
SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL Introduction Planovalgus foot deformity is common in patients with cerebral palsy A complex 3-D malalignment –hindfoot valgus, plantar flexed talus –midfoot planus and pronation –relatively short lateral column –forefoot abduction and supination
SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL Introduction Medial callosities Hallux valgus Shoe wear Pain Gait disturbance due to lever arm dysfunction
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SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL Introduction Additional procedures, such as, medial soft tissue procedure, medial bony procedure, or triple arthrodesis could be performed concomitantly with calcaneal lengthening depending on severity of deformity. However, there has been no guideline to determine the necessity of these procedures
SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL Purpose of the study To investigate the amount of correction after calcaneal lengthening for the treatment of planovalgus foot deformity in patients with CP To guide a surgical indication in terms of the severity of the foot deformity
SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL Materials and Methods Retrospective design Inclusion –patients with cerebral palsy who underwent calcaneal lengthening for planovalgus deformity between 2003 and 2011 –patients who had preop and postop weight bearing AP and lateral foot radiographs
SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL Materials and Methods Exclusion –patients who had concomitant medial column procedures with calcaneal lengthening –patients with a history of previous foot surgery –patients with inadequate foot radiographs for measurement
SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL Radiographic measurement Lateral foot weight bearing radiograph –Calcaneal pitch angle –Lateral talocalcaneal angle –Lateral talus-first metatarsal angle –Naviculocuboid overlap –Relative calcaneal length –Calcaneocuboid subluxation Anteroposterior foot weight bearing radiograph –Anteroposterior talus-first metatarsal angle
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SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL AP talus-first metatarsal angle
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Corrected group –a group of patients whose radiographic indices improved beyond the value of normal alignment after calcaneal lengthening Under-corrected group –a group of patients whose radiographic indices did not reach the value of normal alignment
SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL Reliability of radiographic measurement Inter-observer reliability (3 observer) 36 radiographs ICC (intraclass correlation coefficient) & 95% confidence interval
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SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL Results
SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL Table 1. Patients demographics and surgical procedures Gender (M / F)51 / 24 Age (year)11.0±5.2 (range 5.4 to 30.1) Geographic type (hemiplegia/diplegia/triplegia/quadriplegia) 5 / 48 / 3/ 19 Follow-up duration (year)3.1±2.2 (range 0.3 to 8.4) Calcaneal lengthening (bilateral/ unilateral)54 / 21 Number of surgical procedures per patient6.7 ± 3.0 (range 2 to 14) Data are presented as mean ± SD
SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL Table 2. Inter-observer reliability of radiographic parameters Radiographic parametersICC95% CI AP talus-1st metatarsal angle to calcaneal pitch angle to Lateral talocalacneal angle to Lateral talus-1st metatarsal angle to Naviculocuboid overlap to Relative calcaneal length to Calcaneaocoboid subluxation to ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient
SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL Table 3. Change in radiographic measurements after calcaneal lengthening in patients with cerebral palsy ParametersPreoperativePostoperative Mean difference p-value Normal alignment AP talo-1MT (˚)22.3± ± ±14.4< ±7.0 CP (˚)2.9±8.87.3± ±7.2< ±6.0 Lat TC (˚)47.0± ±9.29.1±8.5< ±6.9 Lat talo-1MT (˚)30.2± ± ±13.8< ±7.5 NC overlap (%)69.0± ± ±22.9< ±13.8 Relative calcaneal length1.9±0.22.0± ± CC subluxation (˚)0.2±1.51.4± ±1.8< AP talo-1MT, anteroposterior talus-first metatarsal angle; CP, calcaneal pitch angle; Lat TC, lateral talocalcaneal angle; Lat talo-1MT, lateral talus-first metatarsal angle; NC overlap, naviculocuboid overlap; CC subluxation, calcaneocuboid joint subluxation.
SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL Table 4. Cut-off values of the preoperative radiographic measurements between the corrected and the under-corrected group after calcaneal lengthening in patients with cerebral palsy Parameters No. of subject (corrected group) No. of subject (under-corrected group) Area under the ROC curve 95% CIp- value Cut-off value AP talo-1MT (˚) to >23˚ Lat talo-1MT (˚) to 0.847<0.0001>36˚ NC overlap (%) to >72% AP talo-1MT, anteroposterior talus-first metatarsal angle; Lat talo-1MT, lateral talus-first metatarsal angle; NC overlap, naviculocuboid overlap; ROC curve, Receiver Operating Characteristic curve.
SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL Conclusions Calcaneal lengthening with concomitant peroneus brevis lengthening is the effective procedure for correcting planovalgus foot deformity while preserving subtalar joint motion in patients with cerebral palsy.
SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL ◦ SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BUNDANG HOSPITAL Conclusions For the patients with more than 23˚of AP talus-first MT angle, more than 36˚of Lat. talus-first MT angle, and more than 72% of NC overlap, the additional procedures should be considered due to the possibilities of insufficient correction with calcaneal lengthening alone.
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