Biomolecules

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates Monomers/Polymers Slang: “Sugars” Monomers – C6H12O6 1:2:1 Monosaccharide Simple sugar Ex. - Glucose, Fructose Dimers Disaccharides Ex. - Sucrose, Lactose Polymers Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin

Which molecules did we see in the activity that were CARBOHYDRATES Which molecules did we see in the activity that were CARBOHYDRATES ? How do you know?

Carbohydrates Chemical Structure Carbohydrates are…  Often a Ring Have –OH group Polar C:H:O / 1:2:1 Dimer:12:24:12 ???? In reality 12:22:11 Lose a H2O in joining to make larger molecules

Carbohydrates Function Energy Storage Polysaccharide Plants – Starch Energy Source Monosaccharide Glucose Structure Cellulose Cell Wall

Carbohydrates Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis – how biomolecule monomers join together to make a dimer or a polymer Hydrolysis – How long chains of biomolecules break down from polymers to monomers Uses –OH group from monomers to link, to make polymers

Carbohydrate Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis http://www2.nl.edu/jste/carbohyd.htm http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch02/reaction_types.html

LIPIDS

Lipids Monomers/Polymers Slang: “Fats” Lipids (Found in many forms, worry about 4) Fats Oils Waxes Phospholipids Monomers Glycerol Fatty Acids

Which molecules did we see in the activity that were LIPIDS Which molecules did we see in the activity that were LIPIDS? How do you know?

Lipids Chemical Structure Carboxyl group Long Hydrocarbon Chain Hydrocarbon chain can have double bonds – 0 - saturated 1 – unsaturated 2+ - polyunsaturated

Lipids Function Long Term energy storage Fats Membrane Structural components Help create cell membranes

Lipids Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis http://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htm http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch02/triglyceride.html Use 3 –OH from Glycerol hydroxyl with Fatty Acid - OH

Glycerol & Fatty Acids

PROTEINS

Proteins Monomer/Polymer Polypeptide Monomer Amino Acid Dimer Dipeptide

Which molecules did we see in the activity that were PROTEINS Which molecules did we see in the activity that were PROTEINS? How do you know?

Proteins Chemical Structure All proteins have a Central Carbon Attached to that Carbon… An Amino Group A Carboxyl A Hydrogen A R Group There are 20 Different R-Groups R groups have different properties THUS 20 Different Amino Acids

Proteins Function Enzymes Structure Ex. - muscle, bone Antibodies Hormones Etc.

Proteins Dehydration Synthesis/Hydrolysis Section of NH2 of one amino acid with Carboxyl group of another amino acid http://www2.nl.edu/jste/proteins.htm http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch02/amino_acids.html

Proteins Linking Long chains of amino acids link together via Dehydration Synthesis We call this Primary Structure

Proteins Linking Neighboring Amino Acids exert forces on each other, causing bending or folding This is Secondary Structure

Proteins Linking As protein starts to coil, further Amino Acid forces cause protein to form a globular shape This is Tertiary Protein Structure

Protein Linking Multiple Tertiary proteins interacting form the Quaternary Structure of the protein

Proteins Linking http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/111F98Lect/folding.html

NULCEIC ACIDS

Nucleic Acids Monomer & Polymer DNA/RNA - DeoxyriboNucleic Acid - RiboNucleic Acid Monomer Nucleotide But what is a Nucleotide?

Nucleic Acids Chemical Structure 5- sugar backbone Ribose Deoxyribose   Nitrogen Base Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Uracil in RNA for Thymine Phosphate Group 

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids Function Source of Genetic Information