Life and Chemistry: Large Molecules

Macromolecules monomers are linked together to form polymers monomers are linked together to form polymers dehydration synthesis (condensation) dehydration synthesis (condensation) broken apart via hydrolysis broken apart via hydrolysis function is related to structure function is related to structure

Macromolecules 4 classes of biological macromolecules 4 classes of biological macromolecules proteins proteins carbohydrates carbohydrates nucleic acids nucleic acids lipids lipids

Proteins polymers of amino acids polymers of amino acids functions include functions include structural support structural support catalysis catalysis transport transport defense defense movement movement regulation regulation

Proteins each amino acid contains the following each amino acid contains the following  carbon  carbon H atom H atom amino group amino group carboxyl group carboxyl group side chain side chain provides unique chemical properties provides unique chemical properties

Amino Acids to Proteins peptide bond peptide bond joins two amino acids joins two amino acids carboxyl group of one bonds with amino group of another carboxyl group of one bonds with amino group of another 20 used to make every protein 20 used to make every protein each distinguished by its side chain each distinguished by its side chain

Protein Structure 4 structural levels 4 structural levels type, position, and number of amino acids determine function and structure type, position, and number of amino acids determine function and structure 1. primary structure sequence of amino acids comprising the protein sequence of amino acids comprising the protein huge variation possible huge variation possible

Protein Structure 2. secondary structure regular, repeating patterns as a result of H- bonds regular, repeating patterns as a result of H- bonds  helix  helix  pleated sheet  pleated sheet

Protein Structure 3. tertiary structure results from interactions between R groups results from interactions between R groups final 3-D structure of a single protein final 3-D structure of a single protein 4. quaternary structure arrangement of protein subunits into a large macromolecule arrangement of protein subunits into a large macromolecule

Environmental Effects on Proteins structure affected by: structure affected by: pH pH temperature temperature denaturation denaturation

Carbohydrates primarily C, H, and O primarily C, H, and O 1:2:1 (CH 2 O) 1:2:1 (CH 2 O) functions functions energy source energy source structure structure

Carbohydrates 4 categories: 4 categories: monosaccharides monosaccharides disaccharides disaccharides oligosaccharides oligosaccharides polysaccharides polysaccharides

Lipids no polymers no polymers nonpolar hydrocarbons nonpolar hydrocarbons hydrophobic hydrophobic

Fats and oils triglycerides triglycerides composed of fatty acids and glycerol composed of fatty acids and glycerol fats vs. oils fats vs. oils saturated vs. unsaturated saturated vs. unsaturated energy storage energy storage

Phospholipids composition composition 2 fatty acids 2 fatty acids phosphate containing polar head phosphate containing polar head forms biological membranes forms biological membranes

Steroids composed of 4 fused carbon rings composed of 4 fused carbon rings functions functions part of membranes part of membranes hormones hormones development development ion balance ion balance

Nucleic Acids nucleotide structure nucleotide structure 5-C sugar 5-C sugar phosphate group phosphate group nitrogenous base nitrogenous base function function storage, transmission, and use of genetic material storage, transmission, and use of genetic material

Nucleic Acids 2 types DNA DNA information storage information storage RNA RNA transmission transmission