Chapter 6.4 Pages EQ: How is chemistry related to the growth and survival of living organisms?

6.4: The Building Blocks of Life The elements of life: Organisms are made up of cells. Cells contain molecules made up of the following elements: CHONP Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) These elements come from the foods we eat. CHON = 96% all living matter. CHONPS = > 99% all living matter

Biological Building Codes Covalent Bond= shared pair of electrons between 2 nonmetals H, 1 unpaired e- (can bond once) O, 2 unpaired e- (can form 2 single or 1 double bond) N, 3 unpaired e- (can form 3 single or 1 double and 1 single bond) C, 4 unpaired e- (can form up to 4 single bonds and 2 double bonds… very important quality!!!)

Carbon: All life on Earth is made of carbon- containing molecules. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms which is why it is the basis of life. Examples: Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) & Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Organic Chemistry: Because of the many important and unique properties of carbon-based molecules, there is a special branch of chemistry devoted just to the study of these molecules. Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon. Carbon compounds are also called Organic Compounds. The ones we are studying are called Macromolecules.

Macromolecules - Are large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. Monomer – a single molecule that can bind to several others just like it to form a polymer. Polymer – many monomers linked together by covalent bonds.

Polymers & Molecular Diversity Unity in life: Only about 40 or 50 common monomers build macromolecules Diversity in life: New properties emerge when these monomers are arranged in different ways

Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together Hydrolysis: Process that breaks Polymers into MONOMERS *Water is USED* Dehydration: Process that combines MONOMERS into POLYMERS *Water is RELEASED*

There are 4 major categories of macromolecules: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids ms/bodychemistry/

1.Carbohydrates: composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO) in a 1:2:1 ration (meaning 1C to 2H to 1O). Functions as energy source for organisms or as structural parts of cells Carbohydrates include sugars and starches Found in breads, pastas, candy

1.Carbohydrates: The monomer that is joined together to form carbohydrates is a simple sugar, called a monosaccharide. Examples of monomers: Glucose, Sucrose The polymer is a polysaccharide (means the same thing as carbohydrate)

Disaccharides (2 sugars)

Polysaccharides (many sugars) Fulfill two biological functions: Energy storage Structural support

Storage Polysaccharides: Starch Energy storage in plants

Storage Polysaccharides: Glycogen Energy storage in animals Stored in muscle and liver of humans and other vertebrates

Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose = Major structural component of plant cell walls

Structural Polysaccharides: Chitin Found in the exoskeleton of Arthropods & cell walls of fungi

2. Lipids Are made up of carbons and hydrogens with a small O unit. Function as long-term energy storage (fat cells) and provides barriers (plasma membrane) The monomers of lipids are called fatty acids (and Glycerol) The polymer is lipid

2.Lipids Examples of lipids are fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. Two types of lipids Saturated – if only single bonds between carbon atoms Solid at room temp. (example – butter) Unsaturated – if one or more double bonds between C atoms Liquid at room temp. (example - olive oil)

Steroids Structure & chemical signaling Cholesterols provide fluidity to membranes Hormones signal metabolic pathways 4 rings of carbon

Phospholipids Make up the Plasma Membrane: Lipids are nonpolar molecules which makes them great to use as barriers. (Insoluble)

End Part 1 Lets build some Macromolecules!

3.Proteins Made of monomers called amino acids. Amino acids are small compounds made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and sometimes sulfur. Peptide bonds join the amino acids together The polymer is protein, but is sometimes called a polypeptide All amino acids share the same general structure:

Proteins (cont.) Muscle, skin, hair are made up of proteins Cells contain 10,000 different proteins! Functions of proteins Metabolism - control reaction rates (enzymes) Transport & movement ( bone, muscle, and hemoglobin) Signaling (Hormones like insulin) Fight disease (antibodies)

Proteins (cont.) Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape Can have up to 4 levels of structure (next slide) The structure also determines the function of the protein. Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function

Nucleic Acids: Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information. Two types: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) The monomers are called nucleotides which are composed of 1. Sugar (CHO) 2. phosphate group (P) 3. nitrogen base (N)

Nucleic Acids:

Nucleic Acids DNA stores genetic information RNA builds proteins DNA RNA Examples: DNA is double-stranded, and RNA is single-stranded

What have you learned? The four classes of macromolecules important to life are _______, _______, _______, and ________. What molecules are the monomers for carbohydrates? What molecules are the monomers for proteins? Proteins are used for __________ or as ___________. What molecules are the monomers for Lipids? Name 2 other roles can lipids play in living things besides acting as energy storage molecules. What is the main function of nucleic acids in living things? Name the two types of nucleic acids. What molecules are the monomers for nucleic acids? What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

END PART 2 Lets Build the rest of our macromolecules!! By the end of class you should have built and colored all 4 macromolecules. We do some more practice with molecules tomorrow. Review on Wednesday. Test Thursday!