General Chemistry

 Carbon is a non-metal  Carbon has 4 valence electrons.  Carbon can form up to 4 bonds.  The Lewis Dot Structure for carbon shows how carbon can form these 4 bonds.

 Meth – 1 carbon  Eth – 2 carbons  Prop – 3 carbons  But – 4 carbons  Pent – 5 carbons  Hex – 6 carbons  Hept – 7 carbons  Oct – 8 carbons  Non – 9 carbons  Dec – 10 carbons

 Hydrocarbons – contains the elements, hydrogen and carbon  Carbohydrates – contains the elements, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen  Complex polymers  Biological molecules

 Three basic hydrocarbons  Alkanes – single bonds between carbon atoms  Alkenes – double bonds between carbons atoms  Alkynes – triple bonds between carbon atoms  Examples:  C-C is ethane  C=C is ethene  C= C is ethyne

 Petrochemicals contain hydrocarbons.  Propane, butane, and octane are some of the most common.  Propane is a single chained carbon molecule with 3 carbon atoms  Butane is a single chained carbon molecule with 4 carbon atoms.  Octane is a single chained carbon molecule with 8 carbon atoms

 Draw a Lewis Dot of the molecule.  Identify the number of hydrogen atoms and attach as appropriate. Spread evenly.  Keep functional groups and carbon/hydrogen groupings together.  Name the compound based on Functional Groups.

 CH 4methane  C 2 H 6ethane  C 2 H 4ethene  C 2 H 2ethyne  CH 3 CH 2 OHethanol  CH 2 Oformaldehyde  C 6 H 6benzene  CH 3 COOHacetic acid (ethanoic acid)

Saturated – a molecule whose carbon atoms bond to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms Unsaturated – a molecule that contains a carbon- carbon multiple bond, to which more hydrogen atoms can be added Alkanes are typically saturated. Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated due to their multiple bonds.

 Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.  Examples:  Sucrose  Glucose

 Polymers are created when small molecules link together in repetitive subunits.  Polymers can be natural or synthetic (human- made)  Natural polymers: proteins and nucleic acids  Synthetic polymers: polythene, nylon, and Kevlar  Common pharmaceuticals such as aspirin, vitamins, and insulin are organic.

 Proteins – large biological molecule made of many amino acids linked together though amide (peptide) bonds  Peptide – an amide bond that links two amino acids together  DNA  RNA  Amino Acids – a molecule that contains both an amino group and a carboxylic acid functional group.

 Nylon– a large molecule that is made of repeating units containing polyamide (nitrogen containing functional group)  Kevlar – see reading  Plastics – compounds formed from petrochemicals which consist of long chains. The stronger the plastic the more layering of these long chains.  Why are bottles for soda, much stronger than those of water?