Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates Smallest of Organic Molecules Has a Ring Shape Contains 6 Carbon Molecules

Carbohydrates Make - up The elements that make up carbohydrates: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Carbohydrates have 2 times as many H atoms as O & C atoms (1:2:1 – C,H,O)

Building blocks: Monosaccharides: one sugar Common monosaccharides Glucose Galactose Fructose

1. Monosaccharides (monomers) (one sugar) –Example: glucose, galactose, fructose General Formula C 6 H 12 O 6 Carbohydrates

Examples: 2. Disaccharides –Two monosaccharides connected One mono loses a H + the other loses a OH - by dehydration synthesis Maltose (2 glucose molecules) and sucrose (frutose & glucose) General Formula C 12 H 22 O 11

Carbohydrates examples cont’d 3. Polysaccharides –Many mono and disaccharides connected Starch, glycogen, cellulose (big, huge, gigantic!) starch

Carbohydrates function: as an immediate source of energy Account for 1% of body weight Central role chemical reactions (glucose) & provide cell w/ energy Most carbs taste sweet Sugars usually end “ose”

Lipids The next largest of the Organic Compounds Examples:Fats, Oils and Waxes, sterols, hormones; unsaturated fats (oils); saturated (solid – butter) Chains of Carbon Fatty acid Glycerol

Unsaturated fats (oils): double bonds between carbons in fatty acid chain; double bonds prevent carbon from bonding w/ maximum amount of hydrogen

Saturated fats(butter): single bonds between fatty acid chains: every carbon in chain has maximum number of hydrogen unsaturated saturated

Lipids Building Blocks: (Monomer) Fatty Acid –Long carbon chain tails with Carboxyl Group heads Glycerol –Three fatty acids connected to three carbon glycerol group

Lipid Make -Up Lipids contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen elements There is no set ratio between C, H and O Functions: Store energy, chemical messengers, cushion, protect & insulate, cell membrane bi-lipid layer which hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends, sterol or cholesterol are hormones build cell wall: wax which coats and protects (cuticle on leaf, sebaceous oils Cell membrane

Proteins Proteins are the next largest of the Organic Molecules Examples: Hormones, enzymes as well as cell components used as markers for cell membrane are made of proteins

Proteins Building Blocks (Monomer) Amino Acids –20 different Amino Acids, ex: leucine, lysine, alanine, tryptophan Amino Acids connect by Peptide Bonds,

Protein Make - Up The elements in proteins are Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen Functions: Energy source… more long lasting not immediate Proteins make-up an important part of the cell membrane assist in recognition; cell to cell Make components of life like hair and nails: the protein is called Keratin Control life components through enzymes and hormones Provide support: ligaments, tendons, muscle End in Enzymes end“ase”: Proteins: “in”-- insulin

Nucleic Acids Largest Organic Molecule Examples of Nucleic Acids are Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) DeoxyriboseRibose

Nucleic Acids Monomer Building Blocks Nucleotides –Nucleotides are made up of phosphate, sugar and nitrogen bases Nitrogen bases include cytosine, adenine, guanine uracil and thymine Nucleotide

Nucleic Acid Make-up The elements of Nucleic acids are Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nucleic acids function in hereditary material, control cell functions and make proteins

Nucleic Acid Make-up The elements of Nucleic acids are Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Function Nucleic acids function in hereditary material, control cell functions and make proteins

What is meant by 5’ and 3’ end? Number the Carbon molecules in Ribose starting with the Carbon to the right of the Oxygen. The 5’ Carbon is bonded to the phosphate group, while the 3’ is bonded the a hydroxide

DNA Polymerase DNA Polymerase is the Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA DNA Polymerase only works in the 5’ to 3’ direction

What DNA Polymerase Does The hydroxyl (OH) on the 3’ carbon bonds to the Phosphate (P) on the 5’ carbon creating a phosphodiester bond linking the two nucleotides together DNA Polymerase goes on to the 3’ and repeats