Opener: Thursday, 9/23 Compare & contrast these molecules’ structures: Did you do your homework? Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

Biochemistry!!! How YOU work!!!

2.3 KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life! What are the living things in this photo???

Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties & can form chains & rings

Monomers = individual subunits Polymers = many monomers

Organic molecules: Make up all living things! Contain C Made of polymers STORE ENERGY in bonds!!

Caloric value: amount of stored energy (in bonds) Proteins, carbs, lipids have diff. structures  different caloric values!

Example! Which has a higher caloric value...ONE CUP OF... Almonds (1 cup) = 810 Chicken breast (1 cup) = 140 Spaghetti (1 cup) = 155 Butter (1 cup) = 1620

4 main types of ORGANIC molecules found in living things: Carbs Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

1. Carbohydrates (sugars/starches) Energy source for all organismsEnergy source for all organisms –cell respiration (make ATP from sugar) –Short-term energy storage Structural moleculeStructural molecule –Cellulose in plant cells Break down into parts, make amino acids & fatty acidsBreak down into parts, make amino acids & fatty acids Carbs = Fiber = digestion!!!Carbs = Fiber = digestion!!!

Carbohydrates Made of: C-H-OMade of: C-H-O MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides –simple sugars (monomers) –Ex: glucose PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides –Complex (polymers) –Ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen Producers – use carbs as stored EProducers – use carbs as stored E Consumers – broken down by digestion to get glucose (E)Consumers – broken down by digestion to get glucose (E)

Caloric value of carbs depends on:depends on: # of C-H bonds too many carbs?? too many carbs?? –stored as FAT!

2. Lipids (fats) monomers: glycerol & fatty acidsmonomers: glycerol & fatty acids Long-term energy storageLong-term energy storage Phospholipids (membranes)Phospholipids (membranes) HormonesHormones Triglyceride

Lipids Made of: C H OMade of: C H O Important for E when carbs are scarceImportant for E when carbs are scarce –More C-H bonds than carbs BUT--stored fat accumulates!BUT--stored fat accumulates! Digestion:Digestion: –Eat fats  into blood stream  to cells –Stored for later IF no carbs available

Caloric value depends on amount energy per gram amount energy per gram HOW, WHY?? fats have more than carbs or proteinsfats have more than carbs or proteins HIGH Caloric value!!!HIGH Caloric value!!!

3. Proteins –Super important in human body!! –Used for E only when no carbs or lipids!

5 types of Proteins (different functions) 1.Structural ptns – support (connective tissue) 2.Transport – move substances thru body (hemoglobin carries oxygen!) 3.Hormones – coordinate body activities (insulin regulates glucose in blood 4.Contractile – movement (muscles) 5.Enzymatic – speed up chem. reactions (saliva)

Proteins Made of: C, H, O, N, (S) Made of: C, H, O, N, (S) Monomers = Amino acids Monomers = Amino acids # Present: 20 total # Present: 20 total But only 12 made in body! But only 12 made in body! 8 others from...?? 8 others from...?? FOOD!!!! FOOD!!!! what types give us protein?? what types give us protein?? Almonds/peanuts, etc., meat, beans..... Almonds/peanuts, etc., meat, beans.....

Proteins So, WHEN can your body break down proteins for energy???? BUT – need to be turned into CARBS first!!! BUT – need to be turned into CARBS first!!! Won’t happen if carbs or lipids around!! Won’t happen if carbs or lipids around!!

Caloric value Same as carbs, depends on C-H bonds! Same as carbs, depends on C-H bonds!

4. Nucleic acids = polymers –Monomers = nucleotides Ex. DNA, RNAEx. DNA, RNA More to come!!!More to come!!!

Review for you!!! What element do all organic molecules have? What are monomers? What are polymers? What elements are in carbohydrates? Where is the energy stored in organic molecules? What is caloric value??

Review for you!!! What is the primary source of fuel for cell respiration? Give an example of monosaccharides? What happens if too many carbs are consumed? Which have more C-H bonds, carbs or lipids? How do you know? What does the body start to use if carbs or lipids are not available?

Review for you!!! What are the 5 types of proteins? Give examples of each! What are the monomers of proteins? How many amino acids are there? How many does the body make? Where do the others come from! You are training for a big race, what should you eat the night before and why?

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