INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY – PART 2 THE MOLECULES OF LIFE (pp ) TEST Friday 9/14

I. Importance of Carbon Although a cell is composed of ________ water most of the rest is carbon-based compounds 70-95%

A. Structure of Carbon 1. Atomic # 6: __ protons & __ electrons; __ in first shell & __ in second 2. Has ___ valance electrons- so can make four covalent bonds

A. Structure of Carbon 3. Usually bonds with: ________________________________ _________________ 4. Can also form bonds w/other ________ atoms 5. Compounds with carbon-carbon bonds called organic hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus sulfur, nitrogen carbon

B. Macromolecules macro=______, so these are _________ molecules large very large

1. Polymers a. poly=________ b. these are large molecules made up of _______________ building blocks many similar or identical

2. Monomers a. mono= ____ b. are the building blocks or _________ of polymers one sub units

3. Classes of macromolecules or also called Biomolecules a. ___________________ b. ___________________ c. ___________________ d. ___________________ Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

II. Carbohydrates A. Elements: _______, always a ____ ratio of H atoms to O atoms (2H:1O) B. Monomer: monosaccharide C. Function: immediate and stored ________; building material C, H, O2:1 energy

II. Carbohydrates D. Where found in body: bloodstream, liver; cell walls of _______________ E. Food source: _________________ plants & fungus sugar & starches

II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 1. Monosaccharides: (____ sugar) a. glucose (C6H12O6)- preferred energy molecule for most organism; including humans b. galactose- one component of milk c. fructose- found in some fruits one

II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 2. Disaccharides: ____ monosaccharides bonded together a. sucrose- _____ sugar: glucose + fructose b. lactose- _____ sugar: glucose + galactose two table milk

II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: ________ monosaccharides bonded together; two groups a. Storage Polysaccharides: long polymers of glucose; broken down for needed energy many

II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: * Glycogen- Storage of glucose in _______ Stored in _______________ animals liver & muscles

II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: *Starch- Storage of glucose in _______ Humans _____ break down to glucose for energy plants CAN

II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: b. Structural Polysaccharides: used for building materials

II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: * cellulose component of _____ cell walls human ______ to break down important source of _____ in our diet plant unable fiber

II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: * Chitin Component of ______ cell walls Component of insect and other arthropod ___________ fungal exoskeletal

III.Lipids:(________________ compounds) A. Elements: C, H, O, many more H than in a carb. B. Monomer: glycerol & fatty acids C. Function: energy storage; ___________; cushioning D. Where found in body: cell membrane; innermost layer of skin; surrounding some organs E. Food Source: _______________________ waxy,fatty,or oily insulation butter, shortening, olive oil,

III. Lipids: F. Examples: 1. Fats & Oils a. all have 3 fatty acid tails b. fats _____ at room temperature c. oils ______ at room temperature solid liquid

III. Lipids: F. Examples: 1. Fats & Oils d. _________ fats- no carbon-carbon double bonds e. ___________ fats- at least one carbon-carbon double bonds f. __________ fats linked to heart disease Saturated Unsaturated Saturated

III. Lipids: F. Examples: 2. Phospholipids a. unique lipid b. found in every living _______________ cell membrane

III. Lipids: F. Examples: 3. Steroids a. used for hormone production b. used for animal cell structure c. Ex. ____________ Cholesterol

IV. Proteins A. Elements: __________ B. Monomer: amino acids, only 20 different amino acids combine in different numbers, patterns, & arrangement C. Function: support, structure, ___________________________ metabolism D. Where found in body: muscles, hair, skin, enzymes C, H, O, N protection,movement,metabolism

IV. Proteins E. Food Source: __________________ F. Examples: 1. Enzymes a. ___________________ b. trigger chemical reactions c. could not maintain _____________ without them meats,peanuts,eggs Biological catalysts homeostasis

V. Nucleic Acids A. Elements: ____________ B. Monomer: ___________ C. Function: genetic instructions & usable energy D. Where found in body: nucleus of cells E. Food Source: _______ C, H, O, N, P Nucleotide none

V. Nucleic Acids F. Examples: 1. DNA- a. Deoxyribonucleic acid b. contains the ________ instructions for the cell genetic

V. Nucleic Acids F. Examples: 2. RNA- a. Ribonucleic acid b. __________ the instructions in DNA 3. ATP- a. Adenosine triphosphate b. provides _____________ for the cell carries out useable energy