English Exploration  Henry VIII  Wants to find “Northwest Passage” to Asia  Fails  But: claims land in North America King James VI: grants land to settlers: early 1600s Henry VIII

English Colonization in North America  Slow colonization but sped up in 1600s  Roanoke: failed colony  Jamestown: first permanent settlement  The 13 colonies develop

English Motives  economic opportunities, like many of those who settled in Virginia.  relief from religious persecution in England.  Catholics in Maryland  Puritans in Massachusetts  Quakers in Pennsylvania

The Role of Trading Companies Essential Elements Joint-stock- investors buy stock, combine wealth Private endeavors- no gov’t intervention Granted charters

Jamestown: A Joint-Stock Company Settlement  Joint-stock company lets investors share risk, profits of business  Buy stock  Get charter from King to establish colony  help fund colonies in America: Jamestown

Late 1606  VA Co. sends out 3 ships Spring 1607  land at mouth of Chesapeake Bay.  Attacked by Indians and move on. May 24, 1607  about 100 colonists [all men] land at Jamestown, along banks of James River  Easily defended position, but swarming with disease-causing mosquitoes. England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”

Jamestown Settlement, 1609

Chesapeake Bay Geographic/environmental problems??

Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

Jamestown Housing

Jamestown Settlement

Jamestown Chapel, 1611

Settlers died by the dozens! “Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves.  Game in forests & fish in river uncaught. Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting or farming. Conflict with Native Americans: Powhatan tribe The Jamestown Nightmare

Pocahontas Captain John Smith Pocahontas “saves” Captain John Smith

English Migration:

High Mortality Rates The “Starving Time”: 1607: 104 colonists By spring, 1608: 38 survived 1609: 500 more immigrants By spring, 1610: 60 survived 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants 1624 population: 1,200 Adult life expectancy: 40 years Death of children before age 5: 80% What saves the Jamestown settlement?

Tobacco Plant Virginia’s gold and silver. -- John Rolfe, 1612 Need more workers!

Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse.  General mistrust because of different cultures & languages.  English raided Indian food supplies during the starving times  First Anglo-Powhatan War  De La Warr had orders to make war on the Indians.  Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake

Indentured Servitude Headright System:  Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid. Indenture Contract:  5-7 years.  Promised “freedom dues” [land, money]  Forbidden to marry.  : only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!

Early Colonial Tobacco — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Tobacco Prices: Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?

Indentured Servitude Headright System

Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:  Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.  Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.  Chained VA’s economy to a single crop. Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.  Need for cheap, abundant labor: SLAVES!!!. Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”

17 c Population in the Chesapeake WHY this large increase in black popul.??

New England Colonies, 1650

1620  102 people Land at Plymouth, MA Pilgrims: separate from Church of England Looking for freedom of religion Early struggles similar to Jamestown Pilgrims and The Mayflower

The Mayflower Compact November 11, 1620

Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship. Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule.  Signed by 41 adult males. Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

The MA Bay Colony 1629  Puritans: non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co.  Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England.  They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities.”  Many families, farmed mostly.  Established Boston

Colonists only willing to come to MD if they received land. Colonists who did come received modest farms dispersed around the Chesapeake area. Maryland: A Colony for Catholics

Colonization of Maryland

Pennsylvani a

The Quakers Called Quakers because they “quaked” during intense religious practices. Key Leader: William Penn They offended religious & secular leaders in England.  Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England.  They met without paid clergy  Believed all were children of God  EQUALITY!

Aristocratic Englishman – attracted to the Quaker faith. Embraced Quakerism after military service  he received a grant from king to establish a colony.  This settled a debt the king owed his father.  Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”].  Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants. William Penn

1760

Urban Population Growth