ENGM91 ACTIVITY PLANNING Unit 2

Introduction 1 The unit will cover Also ….. Work breakdown structure (WBS) Product breakdown Structure (PBS) An introduction to system modelling Precedence analysis Gantt Charts PERT / CPA On Arrow Networks Precedence Networks Also ….. Microsoft Project will be covered in labs This is based on Gantt Charts and Precedence Networks

Introduction 2 Activity Planning will help to: ensure that the appropriate resources will be available precisely when required avoid different activities competing for the same resource at the same time produce a detailed schedule showing which staff carry out each activity Produce a detailed plan against which actual achievement may be measured produce a timed forecast re-plan the project during its life to correct drift from a target

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) WBS is the decomposition of work into progressively smaller and smaller chunks of work. The logical conclusion is when work cannot be usefully broken down any further for the tasks being undertaken

Work Breakdown Structure Project Conduct Investigation Produce Report

Work Breakdown Structure Top Level Project Level 1 Conduct Investigation

Work Breakdown Structure Conduct Investigation Conduct interviews Investigate other systems Analyse requirements Investigate hardware

Work Breakdown Structure Top Level Project Level 1 Conduct Investigation Level 2 Conduct Interviews

Work Breakdown Structure Conduct interviews Managing director Finance director Stores manager Sales manager

Work Breakdown Structure Top Level Project Level 1 Conduct Investigation Level 2 Conduct Interviews Level 3 Interview Managing Director

Work Breakdown Structure Interview MD Conduct interview Write and review notes Create data flow diagrams Review data flow diagrams

Work Breakdown Structure Top Level Project Level 1 Conduct Investigation Level 2 Conduct Interviews Level 3 Interview Managing Director Level 4 Conduct Interview

Product Breakdown Structure (PBS) Similar to WBS PBS is the break down of a product into it’s discrete components. a PBS can be included as part of a WBS

Product Breakdown Structure (PBS) An example pbs – taken from a US MIL handbook

System Modelling

System Modelling IDEF0

IDEF0

WBS and PBS WBS, PBS and system modelling will assist in an understanding of the project WBS and PBS must be done to allow Precedence analysis to take place WBS and PBS do not necessarily set the precedence of a project Precedence within a project should be based on what is best for the timely and economic completion of the project

Precedence analysis Must be done before an activity plan can be produced Reviews the activities that are to be carried out Decides what activities must be carried out before particular activity can start

Gantt Charts Developed by Henry Gantt, around 1917 Gantt charts are easy to use and produce They are very useful for use on less complex projects Commonly used due to there simplicity Gantt charts are easily understood and easy to read

Gantt Charts

Gantt Charts Draw the following Gantt chart Tasks Precedence Time a - 5 days b - 4 days c a 6 days d b 2 days e b 5 days f c,d 8 days Get students to draw the Gantt chart.

Gantt Charts

Network planning models PERT The Program Evaluation and Review Technique Developed by: US Navy with BOOZ-Allen Hamilton and Lockheed Corporation for the Polaris missile/submarine project in 1958

Network planning models CPM Critical Path Method Also know as CPA Critical Path Analysis Developed by DuPont Inc in the Late fifties early sixties to facilitate building of complex process plant

Network planning models PERT developed for use on R&D projects CPM developed for use in construction projects When developed the two techniques were very similar Now there is virtually no difference between the two

Network planning models A simple on arrow network model 1 2 3 4 5 Start End a b c d e f g h

Terminology Activity Event A specific task, uses resources takes time to complete Event The result of completing an activity Events use no resources They are instances in time, points on the network, conditions of a system that can be recognised

Terminology Network The combination or all activities (often drawn as lines) and events (often drawn as nodes at the beginning and end of each line) defines the project and the activity precedence relationship. Arrow heads placed on the lines indicate the direction of flow. Before and an event can be realised all the activities that immediately precede it must be completed

Terminology Path Critical The series of connected activities (or intermediate events) between any two events in a network Critical Activities, events, or paths, which, if delayed, will delay the completion of the project A project’s critical path is understood to mean that sequence of critical activities (and critical events) that connect the project’s start event to its finish event

Terminology On Arrow Network diagram showing critical path in red 1 2 3 4 5 6 A=6 B=4 D=4 C=3 E=3 F=10 H=2 G=3

Network syntax Time moves from left to right Nodes are numbered sequentially A network may not contain loops A network may not contain dangles Precedents are the immediate preceding activities Dummy activities can be used to indicate a particular precedence

Network syntax Time moves from left to right Nodes are numbered sequentially 1 2 3 a b

Network syntax A network may not contain loops 1 2 3 4 This is not allowed a b c d

Network syntax A network may not contain dangles 1 2 3 4 This is not allowed a b c

Network syntax Precedents are the immediate preceding activities 1 2 3 Design Build 4 Commission

Network syntax Dummy activities can be used to indicate a particular precedence 1 2 3 Wrong 4 Right a b c

On Arrow Networks Draw the following as an on arrow network Tasks Precedence Time a - 5 days b - 4 days c a 6 days d b 2 days e b 5 days f c,d 8 days

On Arrow Networks How to start ….. 1 2 3 start a b

On Arrow Networks What not to do 1 2 3 start a b 4 5 6 c d e

On Arrow Networks A better way …… 1 2 3 start a b c d e

On Arrow Networks It is then less confusing that c & d go to the same event … but what about e & f ? 1 2 3 start a b 4 5 6 c d e f

On Arrow Networks The completed on arrow network …. 1 2 3 start a b 4 5 c d e f end

On Arrow Networks Another on arrow network to draw Tasks Precedence Time a - 6 weeks b - 4 weeks c a 3 weeks d b 4 weeks e b 3 weeks f - 10 weeks g e,f 3 weeks h c,d 2 weeks

On Arrow Networks The network with activity times added 1 3 4 6 2 5 B=4 D=4 F=10 E=3 G=3 H=2

On Arrow Networks Each event circle can contain the information below number Earliest date Latest Slack

Event numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6

Timed activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 A=6 B=4 D=4 C=3 E=3 F=10 H=2 G=3

Forward pass 1 2 3 4 5 6 A=6 B=4 D=4 C=3 E=3 F=10 H=2 G=3 9 10 13

Backward pass 1 2 3 4 5 6 A=6 B=4 D=4 C=3 E=3 F=10 H=2 G=3 9 10 13 11 9 10 13 11 8 7

Event, Slack and Activity Float 1 2 3 4 5 6 A=6 B=4 D=4 C=3 E=3 F=10 H=2 G=3 9 10 13 11 8 7

The Complete On Arrow Network 1 2 3 4 5 6 A=6 B=4 D=4 C=3 E=3 F=10 H=2 G=3 9 10 13 11 8 7

Precedence Networks Precedence network also known as Activity on Node Becoming more common as it is used by many project planning software packages Often preferred by project managers

Precedence Networks Syntax the same as for On Arrow networks Except there are no dummy activities Precedence networks must start with a start node and end with a end node

Precedence Networks A simple precedence network Start End a b d c e f g h

This is the same network drawn as an On Arrow network 1 2 3 4 5 Start End a b c d e f g h

Precedence Networks A simple precedence network Start End a b d c e f g h

Precedence Networks Draw the following as an Precedence network Tasks Precedence Time a - 5 days b - 4 days c a 6 days d b 2 days e b 5 days f c,d 8 days

Precedence Networks The completed Precedence Network Start End a b d c f

The same network drawn as an On Arrow Network 1 2 3 start a b 4 5 c d e f end

Precedence Networks The completed Precedence Network Start End a b d c f

Precedence Networks Another on precedence network to draw Tasks Precedence Time a - 6 weeks b - 4 weeks c a 3 weeks d b 4 weeks e b 3 weeks f - 10 weeks g e,f 3 weeks h c,d 2 weeks

Precedence Networks The completed Precedence Network Start End a b d c f h g

This is the same network drawn as an On Arrow network 1 3 4 6 2 5 A=6 C=3 B=4 D=4 F=10 E=3 G=3 H=2

Precedence Networks The completed Precedence Network Start End a b d c f h g

Precedence Networks Adding more information to the node ES D EF LS F LF Earliest start Duration Finish Latest Start Float Description

Precedence Networks ES = latest (largest) EF of preceding activity e.g. event may start at day zero - this actually means the end of day zero or the beginning of day one !!! EF = activity ES + activity duration LS = activity LF – activity duration LF = earliest (smallest) LS of subsequent activities. Float = LS – ES or LF – EF

2 6 8 4 10 Description 8 4 12 10 2 14 Description 3 2 5 8 10 Description

12 4 16 20 Description 8 4 12 10 2 14 Description 12 6 18 14 2 20 Description

Precedence Networks Redraw the following with complete information in each node box Tasks Precedence Time a - 5 days b - 4 days c a 6 days d b 2 days e b 5 days f c,d 8 days

Precedence Networks Redraw the following with complete information in each node box Tasks Precedence Time a - 6 weeks b - 4 weeks c a 3 weeks d b 4 weeks e b 3 weeks f - 10 weeks g e,f 3 weeks h c,d 2 weeks

Conclusion Activity Planning Precedence analysis On Arrow networks Precedence networks

Exercise 1 Tasks Precedence Time a - 6 weeks b - 4 weeks c - 3 weeks d a 4 weeks e b 3 weeks f b 2 weeks g c 3 weeks h d,e 2 weeks i f 1 week j g,i 2 weeks

Exercise 2 Tasks Precedence Time a - 3 weeks b - 5 weeks c a 7 weeks d b 5 weeks e c, d 6 weeks f b 4 weeks g b 8 weeks h c, d 4 weeks i e, f 3 weeks

Exercise 3 Tasks Precedence Time a - 2 weeks b - 4 weeks c - 3 weeks d a 3 weeks e a 5 weeks f c 6 weeks g c 4 weeks h d 4 weeks i d 8 week j b, e, f, i 2 weeks k - 4 weeks l g, k 3 weeks

Exercise 4 Tasks Precedence Time a - 3 weeks b a 5 weeks c a 3 weeks d c 1 weeks e b 3 weeks f b, d 4 weeks g c 2 weeks h g, f 3 weeks i e, h 1 weeks

Exercise 5 Tasks Precedence Time a - 3 weeks b - 5 weeks c a 14 weeks d a 5 weeks e b 4 weeks f b 7 weeks g d, e 8 weeks h g, f 5 weeks