The Middle Colonies (Restoration Colonies) New York Pennsylvania New Jersey Delaware
English Line of Succession House of Stuart James I (1603-1625) Charles I (1625-1649) Commonwealth Council of State (1649-1653) Oliver Cromwell (1653-1658) Richard Cromwell (1658-1659) Restoration of the House of Stuart Charles II (1660-1685) James II (1685-1688) William III (1689-1702) Mary II (1689-1694)
New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Colony Charles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of York, [before he controlled the area!] 1664 English soldiers arrived. Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses. forced to surrender without firing a shot. Renamed “New York” England gained strategic harbor between her northern & southern colonies. England now controlled the Atlantic coast!
Duke of York’s Original Charter
(Another restoration colony) Pennsylvania (Another restoration colony)
The Quakers Called Quakers because they “quaked” during intense religious practices. They offended religious & secular leaders in England. Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England. They met without paid clergy Believed all were children of God refused to treat the upper classes with deference. Keep hats on. Addressed them as commoners ”thees”/“thous.” Wouldn’t take oaths. Pacifists.
William Penn Aristocratic Englishman. 1660 – attracted to the Quaker faith. Embraced Quakerism after military service. 1681 he received a grant from king to establish a colony. This settled a debt the king owed his father. Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”]. Actively advertised to Dutch and Germans Religious freedom, cheap land
Pennsylvanian Society Attracted many different people Religious misfits from other colonies. Many different ethnic groups. No provision for military defense. No restrictions on immigration. No slavery!! Got along well with Native Americans
New Jersey
Delaware
Economics of the Middle Colonies Exported lots of food Wheat, corn, rye, oats Longer growing season
Religion in the Middle Colonies No established church dominated the middle colonies Diverse population=many religions 1750, region had more congregations per capita than any other colonial region, even New England
The Colonial South
The Carolinas
The Carolinas (more Restoration Colonies) Named for King Charles II. The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters They hoped to use Carolina to supply their plantations in Barbados with food and export wine, silk, and olive oil to Europe. Charles Town (Charleston) would become busiest port in the south
Crops of the Carolinas: Rice The primary export. Rice was still an exotic food in England. Was grown in Africa, so planters imported West African slaves. These slaves had a genetic trait that made them partially immune to malaria. By 1710 black slaves were a majority in Carolina.
Crops of the Carolinas: Indigo In colonial times, the main use for indigo was as a dye for spun cotton threads that were woven into cloth for clothes. Today in the US, the main use for indigo is a dye for cotton work clothes & blue jeans.
Georgia
Georgia--The “Buffer” Colony Last colony founded Named for King George II Chief Purpose of Creating Georgia: As a “buffer” between the valuable Carolinas & Spanish Florida & French Louisiana. A haven for debtors thrown in to prison.
Southern Economy Based on cash crops Chesapeake (Virginia & Maryland): tobacco N. Carlolina, S. Carolina, Georgia: rice, indigo West Indies: sugar cane
Social and Political Hierarchy Wealthy, slave-owning Planter Class Farmers who didn’t own slaves Women Indentured servants Slaves
Religion in the Southern Colonies • Mainly Anglican – Anglican church was the official religion and public funds paid the clergy – Colonists not members of the Anglican Church were labeled as “dissenters” • Non-Anglican southerners tended to be from the lower classes
Picture of the South in the 1700’s: Large slave population Few large cities. Why? Stratified society: wealthy planters, poor whites, blacks Role of women? Indentured servants?