A Meeting of Many Worlds

Main Points Europe and Exploration Europe and Exploration Causes and Methods of Expansion Causes and Methods of Expansion Significance Significance Contact and Conquest Contact and Conquest Spain and the Mexica Spain and the Mexica France France Britain Britain Legacies of Conquest Legacies of Conquest

Conditions in Europe, 1400’s I. Black Death, 1340’s -Ec. & pop. growth, 1400’s II. Renaissance -15 th & 16 th century III. Consolidate power -Spanish reconquista -Spanish reconquista

Religion in Europe III. Catholic Church A. Reformation, 1510s-20s A. Reformation, 1510s-20s 1. Martin Luther a. Personal faith a. Personal faith b. Question doctrine b. Question doctrine B. “Protestants” B. “Protestants” C. Religious division C. Religious division 1. Cath., Prot., Calv. 1. Cath., Prot., Calv. 2. Intolerance 2. Intolerance

Why Explore? I. Material gain A. Trade A. Trade 1. Spices 1. Spices 2. Silks & furs 2. Silks & furs 3. Gold/slaves 3. Gold/slaves II. Religious A. Conversion A. Conversion B. Block Islam B. Block Islam III. Political power

How they explored III. New technology A. Stronger ships 1. Caravels 2. Sails B. Navigational tools 1. Astrolabe 2. Magnetic compass C. Maps 1. Geography 2. Currents

Who? Bartolemeu Diaz southern Africa 1488 Bartolemeu Diaz southern Africa 1488 Christopher Columbus, Bahamas 1492 Christopher Columbus, Bahamas 1492 Vasco Da Gama, under Africa to India 1499 Vasco Da Gama, under Africa to India 1499 John Cabot, Newfoundland 1497 John Cabot, Newfoundland 1497 Juan Ponce de Leon, Florida 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon, Florida 1513 Hernan Cortes, Mexico 1519 Hernan Cortes, Mexico 1519 Jacques Cartier, St. Lawrence River Jacques Cartier, St. Lawrence River. 1535

Significance? I. Power of Spain I. Power of Spain II. European conflicts II. European conflicts III. African slavery III. African slavery IV. Christianity IV. Christianity V. Contact with Indigenous people V. Contact with Indigenous people VI. New wealth VI. New wealth VII. Population change VII. Population change

Pop Quiz Take out a piece of paper Take out a piece of paper Name, class, I.D. # Name, class, I.D. #

1. Name of the process that involved the exchange of animals, plants, & disease between the old and new worlds. 1. Name of the process that involved the exchange of animals, plants, & disease between the old and new worlds. 2. One type of labor system used by the Spanish in the new world 2. One type of labor system used by the Spanish in the new world

Contact & Conquest, s I. Spain II. France III. Britain IV. Interaction and conflicts

Spain I. Christopher Columbus II. Ferdinand & Isabella III. Route to Asia IV. Caribbean V. Tainos

The Spanish Empire I. Cortez & the Mexica, II. Montezuma “Empire of tribute” III. Conquest A. War & technology B. Tarascans/Tlaxcalans C. Disease

Spanish Institutions I. Presidios (Military/State) A. Explore A. Explore B. Trade B. Trade C. “Defend” C. “Defend” D. Subdue Indians D. Subdue Indians -Onate 1590, Acoma II. Missions (Church) A. Franciscans & Jesuits A. Franciscans & Jesuits B. Conversion B. Conversion C. Indian Labor C. Indian Labor

Spanish Colonial Labor A. Encomienda -Tribute & labor given to an encomendero -Tribute & labor given to an encomendero B. Repartimiento -Guaranteed Indian -Guaranteed Indian labor to Spanish for public projects C. Rescate -Ransomed Indian captives worked for Spanish

Spanish Borderlands missions and military presidios by 1780s

“The Columbian Exchange” Americas Corn Corn Beans Beans Peppers Peppers Potatoes Potatoes Cocoa Cocoa Tobacco Tobacco Europe Disease Disease Horses, pigs, sheep Horses, pigs, sheep Cattle Cattle Guns Guns Weeds Weeds Sugar Sugar Coffee Coffee

The French I. Weak empire A. Less interest A. Less interest B. Trade B. Trade C. Few colonists C. Few colonists D. Catholic D. Catholic II. Samuel de Champlain 1607 Quebec III. Indian alliances A. Hurons A. Hurons

The French IV. Catholic A. Jesuits (blackrobes) B. Syncretism 1. Kateri Tekakwitha 1. Kateri Tekakwitha *Mohawk woman *Mohawk woman *Catholic *Catholic *Saint in 20 th c. *Saint in 20 th c.

The Fur-Trade V. French trappers and traders A. Lived with Indians A. Lived with Indians B. Learned Native languages B. Learned Native languages C. Married Native women C. Married Native women*Metis D. Indian women did most work D. Indian women did most work

Arrival of the British I. Late Arrivals II. Violence and Indians III. Social stratification IV. Land, colonize, exclude

The English I. Jamestown “settlers” A. Military, not farmers A. Military, not farmers 1. Virginia Company “joint-stock company” B. Capt. John Smith B. Capt. John Smith C. Almost died 1609/10 C. Almost died 1609/10 D. Tobacco D. Tobacco

British-Native Relations Powhatan Confederacy A. 14,000 people A. 14,000 people B. Colonists stole corn B. Colonists stole corn C. Diseases C. Diseases D. Expanded onto D. Expanded onto Powhatan land

Pocahontas Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, married Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, married John Rolfe Pocahontas became Rebecca, but died in 1617 Pocahontas became Rebecca, but died in 1617

Native Responses Opechancanough (brother of Powhatan) -Warfare through 1620s -Destroyed Virginia Co. -Destroyed Virginia Co. -Colonists kept coming -Colonists kept coming -Patterns of conflict -Patterns of conflict

Plymouth Colony 1620 ’ s I. New England, Mass II. Puritans split from Anglican Church III. Separatists thought Church was corrupt IV. Pilgrims left Europe to establish acolony of “true believers”

Plymouth, Mass

Continuing conflict I. Plymouth Colony and William Bradford II. Mayflower Compact III. Wampanoag territory A. Natives help them survive B. Samoset, Squanto, Massasoit VI. Land loss and death

Massachusetts Bay Colony I. Offshoot of Plymouth A. Joint-Stock Company B. Expansion into Pequot Land C. “Religious War of extermination” II. Pequot War and the Treaty of Hartford, 1638

The Pequot War

Pequot’s Revenge: Foxwood’s Resort

Comparisons, 1600s France: Fur trade, Jesuits, weak empire, Indian alliances, dependency France: Fur trade, Jesuits, weak empire, Indian alliances, dependency British: Late arrivals; full colonization; hostile Indian relations; conformity & exclusion British: Late arrivals; full colonization; hostile Indian relations; conformity & exclusion Spain: Full colonization, presidios, missions, labor, big empire, powerful state, inclusion of Indians into society Spain: Full colonization, presidios, missions, labor, big empire, powerful state, inclusion of Indians into society

Significance of contact, 1600s I. Massive exchange of populations II. European power III. “Biological conquest” IV. Native resistance and adaptation V. Expansion of Christianity VI. European accumulation of wealth