Primate Behavior & Models for Human Evolution

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Presentation transcript:

Primate Behavior & Models for Human Evolution Chapter 7 & 8 Primate Behavior & Models for Human Evolution

The Evolution of Behavior An action in response to internal or external stimuli. Response to environment. Deliberate or unconscious. Behavioral Ecology Natural environment Behaviors Biological traits Genes

The Evolution of Behavior Behavioral phenotypes transmitted genetically at faster rate than others. Genetic + Environmental Factors = Behavior There are different limits & potentials for learning in various species. (i.e. Rabbit vs. Chimpanzee)

Primate Social Structure Social structures result from natural selection. Primates are among the most social of animals. Factors Influencing Social Structure: Body Size BMR & diet Distribution of Resources Predation Relation to other species Dispersal Life histories Sleeping sites Activity patterns Human activities

Primate Social Behavior: Dominance dominance hierarchies. Access to resources. Factors influencing dominance status: Sex • Intelligence Age • Motivation Aggression • Mother’s social position Time in the group

Primate Social Behavior: Communication Autonomic vs. Deliberate communication. Reassurance is communicated through hugging or holding hands. The fear grin, seen in all primates, indicates fear and submission. Displays communicate emotional states.

Primate Social Behavior: Aggression & Affiliative Behaviors Competition for resources Signals & displays Tense situations Core area & territorialism Affiliative behaviors Physical contact Altruism

Patterns of Reproduction Estrus Cycle No permanent bonding Reproductive strategies K-selected & R-selected Male competition for mates = sexual selection

Sexual Selection A type of natural selection that operates on one sex, usually males. Increase frequency of traits (successful mates). Sexual selection dimorphism Infanticide as a reproductive strategy? Reasons

Primate Cultural Behavior Basic social unit Polygamous relations, males are not active. Experiments with orphan Monkeys. Do apes have culture? Learned through observation Examples of culture

Language Communicating abstract thoughts. Closed system of communication Challenges to these views: Vervet monkeys Distinct calls for specific references Film examples

The Primate Continuum Humans have bigger brains but same neurological processes. Ethical dilemmas in the study of our closest relatives. Should we study/exploit them for our benefit? We cage nonhuman primates without regard for their needs. Nonhuman primates should be maintained in social groups and introduced to habitat enrichment programs.

Quick Quiz

1. Dominance hierarchies guarantee that dominant males are more reproductively successful. result in dominant individuals having priority access to food. don't guarantee a reproductive advantage in dominant males. are permanent.

Answer: b Dominance hierarchies result in dominant individuals having priority access to food.

2. Affiliative behaviors arise when there is competition for resources. enhance group cohesiveness. are rare among primates. may include displays.

Answer: b Affiliative behaviors enhance group cohesiveness.

3. Vervet monkey communication is used to support the theory that primate vocalizations do not include external events or objects. is limited to scent marking and an occasional bark. includes specific sounds for different categories of predators (air, tree or ground). is sophisticated with regard to food.

Answer: c Vervet monkey communication includes specific sounds for different categories of predators (air, tree or ground).

4. In a group's territory there is usually a _________________ area where the highest concentration of resources can be found.

Answer: core In a group's territory there is usually a core area where the highest concentration of resources can be found.

In Class Primate Activity Using information from chapters 6 & 7 in the text and the films, form small groups to discuss the following questions: What are some similarities humans share with primates? (anatomical & behavioral) List 5+ Define and give an example (3)of the following primate behaviors: Altruism, aggression, communication, dominance & reproductive strategies. List the following: Three examples of Prosimians and Anthropoids as well as their characteristics Discuss why infanticide is seen as reproductive strategy. Do you agree? Why or why not? Describe and give examples of language & cognitive abilities of apes. Do apes have language or only humans do?